Communication of Respect

| Business CommunicationTrimester 2 AssignmentSubmitted By:Aksha AnandPGDM-A(2011-2013)Roll No: 06| | | | | | | | The communication of respect has been established as a significant dimension of cross-cultural communication to define and fully understand respect in cross-cultural interactions. The communication of respect can be examined and seen as a field of study. This framework is devoted to the communication of respect from both respect and communication competence. Study describes that good communication is a serious and specific study of the communication of respect. Evaluation of cross-cultural communication competence of respect across cultures in an environment where such pan-cultural communication is growing is extremely important. EXPLAINING RESPECT There are different disciplines dependent upon communication. Respect according to many researchers is both group and individually defined and oriented. It is inseparable from communication as there is no way to show respect in the absence of verbal or non-verbal communication. Also, many researchers allow respect to go undefined relying entirely on participant perception of the term. However, unlike previous views, communication of respect is a complex concept and more than merely simple politeness and courtesies. COMMUNICATION AND CULTURE- THE DIFFERENCES Cross cultural communicative competence framework developed by Ruben, has identified seven behavioural dimensions of cross cultural competence. They are * Display of respect * Interaction posture * Orientation to knowledge, Empathy * Self-oriented behaviour * Interaction management * Tolerance for ambiguity. Several years later on, it has been increased to nine dimensions by sub-dividing self-oriented behaviour into three distinct dimensions – * Task oriented roles * Relational roles * Individualistic roles. Communication of respect is heavily impacted by cultural norms. For many Koreans, respect is communicated via formality whereas for many Americans, respect is communicated in initial interacti ons by treating others equally. Sometimes due to lack of cross culture language, respect may not be effectively communicated. CONSEQUENCES OF RESPECT AND DISRESPECT Respect is very important silent feature in our communication and there are serious effects related to respect or the lack of the same. Therefore the phenomenon merits scholarly attention. Success is often dependant on being able to communicate respect and avoiding communication of disrespect. Communicating respect leads to a â€Å"social healing effect† on psychological perceptions of previously strained relationships. This article seeks not only to recognize the important work devoted to the communication of respect that has already been written, but also calls for more work to be done. THE CONCEPT OF COMMUNICATION OF RESPECT One of the key conceptual frameworks devoted to communication of respect is presented by Van Quaquebeke (2009) which distinguishes respect from tolerance and elaborates on two distinct types f respect. Tolerance is aligned with appraisal, whereas respect is closely aligned with recognition. Appraisal respect is evaluative and focuses on a result, while recognition respect is more process focused and occurs in interaction. The author of this article emphasizes on interactional respect. From a culture general communication perspective, there are four domains of communication competence that determine how respect is communicated interpersonally.

Organizational Behavior Essay

With the advancement in technology the operations and scales of most business have become global in nature. Aside from this the target market of the corporations has also increased to include regional as well as international customers. This has requires the culture in most multination enterprises to change and adapt to diversification. Corporations have as a result invested in a diversified workforce that represents the various types of customers it targets and help create a much better understanding about the constantly changing and evolving target market. With the changing market dynamics the companies have also had to change their management styles. The most apparent trend for corporations has been to create a value based culture where the values are derived from the customer and business point of view the procurement training of employees is based on this value system. The best way to do this is by hiring people who have the desired talent and values required by the company. This reduces the cost of training and development for the company in the initial stages and contributes to a much better workforce which is intone with the organizations objectives and value system. However in most cases the new employees do require formal orientations where they are specifically informed about culture in place ion the organization and how the business conducts its operations. Yet again hiring people who share similar values as the organization does provides more harmony and direction for the workforce. Organization and Culture: Before establishing on a code of conduct of devising a formal culture for the organization, it is essential to define what organizational culture is. The culture at any organization is how the operations are performed in the entity and how the employees perform their specific jobs. Whenever the company is formally writing the essence of the culture it is acknowledging the core values of its operations and the company itself. As a result the culture should be representative of everyone in the organization and the values derived from it should benefit the company and its stakeholders as a whole. Therefore it is critically important for organizations to fully comprehend and understand the organizational culture in place in their organization before defining the values for the company or hiring personnel depending on their shared values with the business. Cameron and Quinn have designed a framework for the culture based on competing values. This framework identifies that there are essentially four kinds of cultures in an organization and any company can have either one of them or a combination as their organizational structure. These cultures have been specifically identified as the market culture, hierarchy culture and the adhocracy culture and the clan culture. Companies who have a clan type of a culture are organizations that operate based on their loyalty and relationship with others. Tradition and loyalty count as high priorities here and as a result employee commitment is a strong factor. Examples of organization that have this type of a corporate culture are the Japanese Companies. The market culture is characteristic of supermarkets and those companies operating in the retail sector. These kinds of organizations are result oriented and focus on getting the job done. The people usually employed in this company are competitive and goal oriented. The new hired sought by the company are leaders who can be tough and respond to the demanding nature of the organization. The company deems the pricing policies and intense competition as integral to the business. The vision of such organizations is to attain a large portion of the market share. Another form of an organizational cultures the hierarchy culture which is formalized in nature and structured according to rank and priority. The leaders in the organization are responsible for getting the work done and there is an essence of pride amongst the employees about their positioning the company. These companies are relatively predictable and they focus on hiring employees who are dependable and committed to long term employment in the company. The perfect examples of such organization are government organizations and public institutions. The last type of culture identified in the framework is the adhocracy culture which features entrepreneurship and creativity in the workplace. Organizations have this kind of a culture are usually dynamic and harbor innovation. They seek employees who are risk takers, creative and can be focus on the long term productivity and growth of the organization. The essence of this culture is innovation and commitment to change and diversification. An example of such a company is Google. Discussion: The main hotspots for cultural integration and diversification for Multinational Enterprises exist in the European, Asian and Middle East regions. A recent study was conducted to analyze the cultural orientation of the workforce and the similarities and differences for a multicultural workforce in Oman. The data for this research was conducted from about 700 employees employed in 6 large firms in Oman. â€Å"The results demonstrate a clear link between value orientations and preferences for particular HRM policies and practices. Group-oriented HRM practices are preferred by those who scored high on collectivism and being orientations, and those who scored low on thinking and doing orientations. Hierarchy-oriented HRM practices are preferred by those scoring high on hierarchy, subjugation and human nature-as-bad orientations, and those scoring low on thinking and mastery orientations. Finally, preference for loose and informal HRM practices was positively associated with being, and negatively associated with thinking, doing and harmony orientations. (Aycan, (et al), 2007) The HR employment policies and the recruitment process comprises of job identification and job design. When the specific characteristics of the job have been identified it becomes easier to document the requirements for the job. In market oriented firms companies seek prospective employees who are competitive and willing to embrace the values of the company. Colin Shaw conducted a research in association with the Marketing forum about employment in marketing. The research showed that â€Å"71 per cent of business leaders see customer experience as the next competitive battleground to be fought in a commercial marketplace — yet few are doing anything about it. Seven out of 10 customers say that emotions count for more than half of their customer experience. But most companies have not even thought through the emotions they are trying to evoke and will, therefore, struggle to recruit people who are able to evoke the positive emotions the company has identified. †(Shaw, 2002) Aside form simply managing diversity in the work force by creating a value based culture in the organization and hiring personnel on the basis of their value characteristics, the companies in multinational sectors can also develop relationship with their strategic partners, suppliers and affiliates on the basis of their organizational values. This is formally termed as Supply Relationship Orientation. Using this approach the organization can target a much diverse target market more efficiently and can also internalize most of its operations. The internal and external integration leads to strategic advantage for the company therefore further creating barriers to entry in the industry and making the organization more competitive. Job satisfaction is highly dependent upon the values that the employees have. These values can be cultural in nature or those endorsed by the organization. A study concerning the impact of cultural diversity on the employed job satisfaction showed that it is possible for people from different backgrounds and regions to have different values and work environment expectations. This specific study studied the Chinese nd Taiwanese organizations and depicted that â€Å"’Integration’, ‘Confucian Work Dynamism’ and ‘Human-heartedness’ are significantly different between Taiwanese and Chinese employees, while ‘Moral discipline’ is not; Taiwanese employees have higher ES than Chinese employees; Taiwanese employees view ‘career planning’ is the most important, while Chinese employees think ‘management system’ is most important; For Taiwanese employees, ‘Salary and benefit’, ‘Working load’ and ‘Management system’ have effects on ES; Age and Education have effects on Chinese employees† (Chuan-Cheng & Yu-Chen, 2007) Some cases of prominent organizations taking sides on their HRM and recruitment policies are depicted in the following examples. â€Å"Sears, for example, developed a strong culture based on its successes through the 1960s that kept later CEOs from making radical changes that were needed to respond to shifting consumer preferences. On the other hand, Wal-Mart, which was less restrained by its past, prospered during the same time period. † (Powell, 1998) When hiring new employees the bottom-line is to make way for a cohesive organization which is diversified in nature and its workforce yet is united in its structure, values and objectives. This is what has been termed as a model organization with an effective organizational perspective. Essentially the organization has two roles for an employee when it is hiring prospective personnel. These are that the organization needs employees who can help the organization grow and follow what is already in place in the organization. This is required to bring continuity into the business. However the other goal of the organization when recruiting new employees is to hire those candidates who are entrepreneurial in nature, risk takers and innovative, i. e. are willing to do what has never ever been done in the market or sector. In such situations the company needs to identify what are its core values and how it can attain both of its goals simultaneously. This requires identifying which values of the company fit the personal attributes of the company, and fit the situation the company is in. Then it needs to hire those employees which are suited to the values, goals and the job description in the company. â€Å"Searching for reinforcing fit on pivotal values is a good way for an organization to preserve the key elements of its culture. In fact, adherence to similar process values such as mutual respect, openness, participation, and consideration of alternative points of view facilitates a multicultural approach to diversity. On the other hand, searching for either reinforcing or extending fit on peripheral values seems unnecessary. Employees need to be allowed to express themselves as they wish, as long as they exhibit the pivotal values that support the organization’s mission. † (Powell, 1998) Another view regarding value based recruitment of personnel is that the diversified and multinational corporations can invest in both kinds of employees by hiring those which are essential for the continuum of the organization as well as hiring those who fit the organization’s values and goals. This will enable corporations to have variety in the workplace and will aid in management of the diversified workforce by the use of actions teams. Aside from this there is another view which states that it may not be in the best interests of any organization to invest in the same values and culture over a long period of time. This is because the external and internal environment for the business is constantly changing and this requires the culture, and values of the organizations to also reflect change with the passage of time. â€Å"To be ready to play fundamentally different games at short notice, organizations need to keep themselves from being overly committed to one particular strategy. † (Powell, 1998) One way of adopting diversity in an organization and building a value based culture to sustain objectives is through the sequential process. The reason for using this process for managing diversity is due to the fact that the external environment is in a continuous change and the main stakeholders of any company are also facing similar changes in their lives. This makes the purchase decisions to be made on the basis of the vales of the company and therefore the employees and people in the organization are also required to work in accordance with the values of the company. An article by Steve Schuller in 2005 stated that merging diversification and value based culture the organization requires the company to adopt a focused hiring policy. This means that the company should strive to hire like minded people who share the values of the company. This can require employing on traditionally recruiting methods which can take the form of partnering with similar organization or organizations having similar technology and objectives. â€Å"Hiring is only the first step. Educating employees to understand and appreciate cultural differences and providing them with guidance about what diversity means to the organization is the most effective way to create an inclusive culture. Timing is critical. Don’t make the mistake of marketing to diverse groups before providing your employees with the support and training they need to service these guests, who might have unique needs. Doing so could create negative guest experiences or hurt your efforts in the community. (Schuller, 2005). This text provides answers to the question whether only hiring personnel who share the values of the company is sufficient or should they be trained or not. The article states that even for newly hired personnel who share the values of the company it is essential for the business to provide them with orientation, mentoring and customer service training for leadership development according to the business ethics and the organizational culture in place in the company. Aside from this it is also important to communicate the values of the business and the company to the customers as well as to the employees. â€Å"Values are communicated to employees via overt internal communications, the ripple effect, senior management example/involvement, HR activities and external communications. While for consumers, values are communicated via their holistic experiences of the brand, interactions with employees, external brand communications and the tangible elements of the service offering. (De Chernatony, Cottam & Segal-Horn, 2006) Conclusion: It can be derived from the above illustrated discussion that in order to manage diversity in the workplace and in the operations it is best to manage the company according to its salient nd existing value structure. This is the best recommended method for managing diversity as it does not contain any bias and conforms to the legal laws of the state and the personal values of the employees and the staff in the organization. The best way for establishing a value based organization culture is to first identify the culture for the organization and highlight its main points. The key values which give the company a comparative advantage and a competitive edge can be focused upon and these values can be derived top establish a new culture which is adaptable, innovative and in accordance with the changes taking place in the internal as well as the eternal environment of the business. Most companies seek to retain and manage the value based culture of the organization by hiring those individuals who share the commitment and the values of the organization. However it should be realized that even like minded people can end up having conflicts and as a result a base period of training has to be established in the organization for successfully managing the organization and its human capital. Organizational Behavior Essay 1. What are some of the things managers can learn by walking around and having daily contact with line employees that they might not be able to learn from looking at data and reports? A: this style of management has advantages over typical desk-round approach to management. It is an approach common to several firms that received national awards for being a great place to work. 2. As an employee, would you appreciate knowing your supervisor regularly spent time with workers? How would you knowing to executives routinely interact with line employees affect your attitude toward the organization? A: yes it can strengthens the relationship of the employees with their bosses. The executives will know the strengths and weakness of their employees and recognize them on the problems that they may face during doing their job. Also, this may increase their self-confidence. 3. What ways can executives and other organizational leaders learn about day-to-day business operations beside going â€Å"undercover†? A: there are many ways can the managers follow on, the different ways will provide all the information required by the executives that can develop their departments and the organization as well. 4. Are there any dangers in the use of a management by walking around strategy? Could this strategy lead employees to feel they are being spied on? What action on the part of managers might minimize these concerns? A: the dangers could be happened depend on the executive attitude. And overstated on that may make lose confident of the employees Some managers are exaggerating in doing the walking around strategy which lead employees to feel they are being spied on and it also may lead to loss the confident from some employees and it may decrease their innovation to their job. The action which can be doing by the managers is minimize doing these strategy like give them some tasks from time to time and follow them by themselves or  send trusted person to do that. Case incident 2: Answers 1. To what extent can individual business decisions (as opposed to economic forces) explain deterioration in working conditions for many workers? A: To me it seems the poor economy is what leads to the deterioration in individual businesses. The poor economy is making it difficult for the business to draw in a steady income and therefor they need to make decisions on what to do to keep the doors to the business open. That’s when they start doing layoffs and budget cuts for the business. Employees end up with reduced hours, pay cuts, small pay raises and poor work environments. It seems they will sink to the lowest level that is considered legal just to make sure they can still make a profit within the business 2. Do business organizations have a responsibility to ensure that the employees have secure jobs with good working conditions, or are their primary responsibility to shareholders? A: This is where Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) comes into play. The concept of corporate social responsibility means that organizations have moral, ethical, and philanthropic responsibilities in addition to their responsibilities to earn a fair return for investors and comply with the law. CSR compels businesses to implement an extensive view of the obligations that does not include just the shareholders. They also need to include other constituencies such as employees, customers, the local community, all three levels of government, and so on. However, it still does not require them to ensure job security and good working conditions. Many actually are opposed to CSR and believe that corporations only need to worry about the profit for their shareholders and if they take on the social responsibilitie s will have competitive shortcomings. 3. What alternative measures of organizational performance, beside share prices, do you thing might change the focus of business leaders? A: Business performance measurement has a variety of uses. The following reasons companies measure business performance: To monitor and control To drive improvement To maximize the effectiveness of the improvement effort To achieve alignment with organizational goals and objectives To reward and to discipline Looking at the firm as a complex organism seeking to survive or thrive in its competitive environment, performance measurement systems serve as a key contributor to the perceptual and coordination/control capabilities of the firm. 4. What do you think the likely impact of the growth of temporary employment relationships will be for employee attitude and behavior? How would you develop a measurement system to evaluate the impact of corporate downsizing and temporary job assignments on employees?

How to write learning objectives that meet demanding behavioral Assignment

How to write learning objectives that meet demanding behavioral criteria - Assignment Example During this time, the health care providers enlist a number of issues that demand attention healthcare or social attention (Conway, Johnson, Edgman-Levitan, Schlucter, Ford, Sodomka, & Simmons, 2006). Then, they include these issues in the list of the factors that will determine the ultimate learning objectives of the educational programs. A detailed assessment of persistent issues affecting the patients, as well as, families forms the basis of the educational program by health care providers. It is through the initiation of an integrative and interactive program that health care providers draft numerous feasible learning objectives. These objectives form the basis of the educational program for the patients and families. Professionally, this is problem analysis stage. The next process in the development of the education program is using the information gathered concerning the target audience of the health providers to design the education program. A process of articulating on the loopholes of the learning objectives gets undertaken by the health care providers (Conway, Johnson, Edgman-Levitan, Schlucter, Ford, Sodomka, & Simmons, 2006). This facilitates the engagement of the core issues facing patients and families. Then a pilot test of this education program is done to ensure that any left out issue gets proposed. Thus, feedback is very important. Finally, the development of a refined and well-informed education programs with articulate education objectives becomes a reality. Conway, J., Johnson, B., Edgman-Levitan, S., Schlucter, J., Ford, D., Sodomka, P., & Simmons, L. (2006). Partnering with patients and families to design a patient-and family-centered health care system: a roadmap for the future: a work in progress. Bethesda, MD: Institute for Family-Centered

Key Factors of Leadership Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4750 words

Key Factors of Leadership - Assignment Example Technology has transformed healthcare organizations into networks, and large companies are increasingly made up of people running small business units. A leader with change management skills means someone who can successfully steer a team, department or healthcare organization through any kind of metamorphosis. Disruptive innovations are changing the business landscape overnight and knocking market leaders out of position for failing to better understand and manage the evolution of their business. Leaders need not only to look after their own employees but also the suppliers and competitors who are seen as stakeholders and need to be managed differently.The Nature of Changeâ€Å"Change† is the popular word these days especially in healthcare organizations. It may be described as radical change, or frame-breaking change, incremental change or frame-bending change (Kolb, 1992). To achieve change in healthcare organizations, leaders adopt different strategies. These may be forced -coercion, rational persuasion or shared power strategies. A force-coercion strategy uses legitimacy, rewards, and/or punishments as primary inducements to change. Whereas, in rational persuasion strategy; the leader attempts to bring about change with special knowledge, empirical support, or rational arguments (Kolb,1992) In shared power strategy for change accommodation, the leader actively and sincerely involves other people who will be affected by a change in planning and making key decisions in respect to it. It is sometimes also called normative-re-educative strategy. Any change must bring a different corporate culture and therefore different expectations from the employees in terms of their behaviour and working attitudes. It encompasses all factors of corporate culture. A corporate culture may be defined as "the underlying assumptions, beliefs, values, attitudes, and expectations shared by the members of a healthcare

Research and Evaluation in Social Work Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Research and Evaluation in Social Work - Essay Example Further, being able to inform policy by way of their study would increase the researcher's credibility, and make it more likely for the universities and health centres in which they work to have access to funding, as graduate students would be able to work on research projects, and government and private institutions could contract the researchers for more studies. The researchers appear to have designed an objective study in that; a thorough and up-to-date literature review was presented that identified current gaps in knowledge; a cross-sectional survey allowed for sampling of the diversity of organizations providing services to older people; snowball sampling allowed for access to organisations that may have been otherwise neglected, because of their size or their lack of exposure; a selection criteria provides a set of parameters that characterize the sample for future study comparisons; conclusions were drawn based on the data collected from the survey; and the final thesis was submitted for peer-review to be able to be published in a reputable journal. Overall, it was an empirical study, designed and carried out in a systematic manner, with evidence-based conclusion drawn. The Abstract succinctly and parsimoniously reported the main points of the research, summarizing the goal of the project, identifying the population, noting the research methods used, and mentioning the conclusions and implications. However, the abstract did not state the hypothesis of the study and whether it was supported or not. The rationale of the study was clear in its statement: A wide range of community based services and activities have evolved to combat the 'negative' experiences of social isolation and loneliness in later life. The appropriateness and accessibility of most interventions intended to alleviate social isolation and loneliness among older people, however, have remained unclear (p. 150). Also, the research questions were presented in dot point format, which made most of them clear and to the point. However, one goal, 'Explore the involvement of older people in the planning process,' was ambiguous in that it did not state clearly that the exploration would not make use of older person opinions, only those of the organisations servicing older people. All of the research questions were worthy of being answered, as availability of, and access to, social orientated activities is essential to the mental and physical health of older people. However, given that older people were not included in the sample, as a comparison group, it is questionable whether all of the research questions were comprehensively answered.The literature review was adequate in that it included up-to-date research for the UK, and identified gaps in knowledge. The theories drawn on also raised some interesting points, such as many older people do not perceive themselves to be lonely (c.f., Townsend, 1 957; Tornstam, 1995; Victor et al. 2005), despite continuous evidence that experiences of loneliness increase with age (authors,). The relationship between aging and loneliness has been suggested to be the result of changes in living circumstances, such as the loss of a partner, or moving to a nursing home, and changes to subjective health (c.f., Tijhuis et al. 1999). It appears that more research into social support could be the

American culture has infiltrated and marred China culture Essay

American culture has infiltrated and marred China culture - Essay Example It is much easier for American culture to infiltrate as compared to Chinese culture. Considering that English is the language of communication in America and many other countries across the world, the American culture has a much greater possibility of infiltrating Chinese culture than the vice versa. One impediment to the infiltration of Chinese culture across the word is the language. The Chinese language still has a very small presence across the world and this, therefore, limits the spread of the culture. Similarly, many people are still much reluctant to appreciate and fully accept Chinese culture as part and parcel of their daily operations (Sanvictores, 96). It is indeed true that American culture has infiltrated and marred Chines culture in many parts of the world. As China seeks to create a strong presence especially in the developing world, it encounters a series of challenges in relation to American culture. Part of this cultural hindrance arises out of the common assumption that American culture is superior to most of the other cultures. In this case, people might always want to be associated with this form of culture and not really the Chinese culture (Sanvictores, 56). In addition, America has greatly mastered the art of cleverly spreading its culture and making many people adopt some of the things it deems proper. In China today, many people are greatly trying to adopt the western way of life by learning English and practicing some of the cultural practices realized in America.

Toshiba Company in Malaysia Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Toshiba Company in Malaysia - Coursework Example Toshiba is well known among domestic and business circles for products like laptops. After Dell, HP, Accer and Lenovo, Toshiba is the 5th biggest Laptop manufacturer in the world. II. Competitive Forces Model for Toshiba Toshiba’s product range is huge, starting from fluorescent lamps in 1939, Toshiba has come a long way over the past 70 odd years and has proven itself a worthy and tough competitor in almost all of the electronic and electrical industries. Toshiba is a competitor in most of the electronic industries, for example Toshiba manufactures video cameras for domestic use as well as surveillance cameras along with complete surveillance systems. Naturally it is not easy to compete with a company that has such a wide range of products, especially one that is continuing to grow and expand to a point when it will be intimidating and threatening for its competitors. Entrants: Toshiba has a long to do in the mobile market. A great marketing campaign has to be set by the comp any to take the market as Toshiba have in LapTop or computer market. Entry of competitors: it is not easy for a new competitor to enter the market for electronic goods because it is inhabited by organizational giants like Toshiba, Sony, Lenovo and many others. Threats of substitutes: yet again manufacturer substitution is probable but the possibilities are limited to the companies that are fully established with a large number of users who can help convince others to try out their products. Bargaining power of buyers Bargaining power of suppliers Rivalry among the existing players: naturally there is a strong rivalry between Toshiba and its competitors but Toshiba is a high profiled player in this arena. It has been around for quite long time and has continued to expand with time by introducing innovations in its products with a consistency that few can match. III. Competitors When it comes to manufacturing electrical goods, Toshiba has got a large number of competitors all over the world for example Toshiba has got giants like HP, Dell, Lenovo, Casper, Sony, Accer and Compaq as competitors in the manufacturing of PCs and laptops. Toshiba has all sorts of competitors in almost all parts of the world though their types and expertise varies. IV. Customers Toshiba has got a large number of customers all over the world which can be divided into three basic categories. a) Domestic consumers: Toshiba manufactures Laptops and netbooks, Laptop accessories, Televisions, Blue ray players, DVD players, HD camcorders, LED lightings, Air conditioning and heating devices for domesticated environments. b) Business clients: Toshiba manufactures copiers, printers, fax machines, scanners, electronic components, semiconductors, hard disk drives, laptop computers, Surveillance and IP video products, Liquid

Strategic Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 12

Strategic Management - Essay Example The model focuses on manufacturing hardware and software. This is mainly through contracting manufacturers such as Foxconn and also focusing on the integration of software in order to complete user experience (Hill & Jones 2013). However, the current expansion of its market has been supported by the changes in its business model. This is through changing its business model to accommodate selling of its products through the retail channel, playing the role of wholesaler, while also selling directly to its consumers who are located in different parts of the world. The Apple strategy to continue increasing its market share could not have been possible if the business model is only focused on a single market segment. For instance, the recent increase in the overall performance of the company in the market can be attributed to the support that emanates from the internal business model. Therefore, for the company to implement its strategy successfully, it must have a strong business model which is growth oriented. In order for the business to maximize its returns in this attractive market, focus should be on intensifying its competition levels in the market. This is through allocating funds to the marketing department in order to enable it to stage a strong campaign to persuade the customers to purchase the company’s products. The campaign should use audio, visual, and print media in order to reach all customers irrespective of their geographical location. The reason behind prioritizing the marketing of products is because increasing the level of production would not guarantee the company success if the customers are not aware of the existence of the product in the market. As a result, the financiers should prioritize making the company to be well known by the potential customers. This strategy would enable the firm to penetrate the market and position them strategically in the market. In

European Law Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

European Law Paper - Essay Example Moreover, by virtue of Section 6(3) any person born in Ireland becomes an Irish citizen if that person does not have the right to citizenship elsewhere. Pursuant to Section 6(1) and (3), the Irish authorities approved an Irish passport for Catherine in September 2000. Since the UK no longer applies the doctrine of jus soli (recognition of the citizenship conferred by any of its territories), Catherine was not automatically entitled to be recognized as a national of the UK under the British Nationality Act 1981. The facts reveal that Mrs. Chen went to Ireland for the purpose of enabling Catherine (the child she was pregnant with at the time) to become a citizen of Ireland and to therefore permit her to take up residence within the UK with Catherine. The court at first instance determined that Ireland is a part of the Common Travel Area under the Immigration Acts. As such Catherine as opposed to Mrs. Chen is entitled to move around the UK and in Ireland as she chooses to. However, Mrs. Chen and Catherine did not have the right to live in the UK under UK law. The Secretary of State for the Home Department denied an application for a permit to reside in the UK to Mrs. Chen and Catherine on the grounds that Catherine who was an infant was not asserting EC Treaty rights pursuant to Regulation 5(1) of the EEA Regulations and Mrs. Chen does not have a right to live in the UK pursuant to Regulation 5(1) of the EEA. Mrs. Chen appealed this decision to the Immigration Appellate Authority. The Appellate Authority ordered a stay of the appeal until such time as a reference to the Court of Justice could be determined. The questions referred to the Court of Justice generally asked for a determination of whether or not Directive 73/148, Direction 90/364 or Article 18 of EC Treaty read together with Articles 8 and 14 of the European Convention on Human Rights

Storm of Steel by Ernst Junger Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Storm of Steel by Ernst Junger - Essay Example However, what could have been the most significant change in European warfare in those times? Junger’s accounts are extremely straight forward and he makes no effort in downplaying the extremity of the situation; â€Å"Bloody scraps of cloth and flesh had been left on bushes around the crater – a strange and dreadful sight that that put me in mind of the butcher – bird that spikes its prey on bushes.† (Page 23) One can easily notice the fact that the book involves a lot of manual work when it came to fighting. Shelling, that is tear gas was a common way of making the enemy retreat. It can be stated that there was minimal use of technology, the biggest one being guns and bullets. Even though the Industrial Revolution took place in the 18th century, it had a rather late impact on the European warfare. There was little or less impact in World War I for them, however, towards the 20th century and when World War II took place, some big changes were observed. Nu clear powers came into being when the world witnessed the bombings of 1945. The storm of steel clearly gives away tactics of that time. It is quite obvious that only the general who is the head of a particular army made plans and the rest of them just followed or executed it. However, this single minded approach is not very useful if we pay a little attention. In the late 19th century, people started believing that the risk or fate of an entire nation in a war could not be left upon one person’s hand; hence the general started being advised when it came to making plans regarding battles. Also till World War I generals would be present in the scene of action. This routine was changed when strategies were allotted into categories which were separated geographically. This meant that at no single time, the strategies could be gone into the hands of the enemy at once. These accounts of Junger can be easily used to analyze the European tactics and warfare in those days. In the very beginning of the book, Junger introduces the reader to the introduction he got when he was fist deployed, a place called Champagne. As soon as the soldiers reached their place, they were attacked with what Junger describes as â€Å"curious fluttering and whooshing sound†¦followed by a sudden violent explosion† (Page 6). The attack was also made by shelling which has been frequently in the past and remains to be commonly used today as well. As the book moves forward, we learn the use of trenches. Trenches play a significant part in the book, as it is a great defensive strategy. World War I has played a significant role in developing the European countries in matter of tactics and warfare. The biggest change that one saw in the warfare was the decrease in the usage of trenches. They were greatly used in the World War I as per the narrations of Ernst Jugner, but just as the world has witnessed a revolution in every aspect of life, technological advancements also came and s wept everyone off their feet. Trenches required hard work and a lot of labor, also, with the new machines and equipment, crossing trenches became no problem at all. As a result, when the trenches stopped providing the basic need of security and shield, they were stopped being used as a whole. After World War I, there was a rather definite change in European warfare. In terms of

Media Influence on Society Essay Example for Free

Media Influence on Society Essay Media Influence on Society Introduction In the last 50 years the media influence has grown exponentially with the advance of technology, first there was the telegraph, then the radio, the newspaper, magazines, television and now the internet. We live in a society that depends on information and communication to keep moving in the right direction and do our daily activities like work, entertainment, health care, education, personal relationships, traveling and anything else that we have to do. Media is the most powerful tool of communication. It helps promoting the right things on right time. It gives a real exposure to the mass audience about what is right or wrong. Even though media is linked with spreading fake news like a fire, but on the safe side, it helps a lot to inform us about the realities as well. Media has a constructive role to play for the society. Today News Channels and even some Newspapers are mouthpiece of some social issues, which helps us to estimate the realities of lives. Media has played an important role in order to focus on the social issues in almost every era. It is the fact that in most of the eras, media were not being given free and fair chances to explore the issues of society more openly than it is being given now; but we cant deny this fact that the issues were always raised in order to provide justice to the people. Influence of media on children Television can be a powerful entertainment and education tool for children given the right programming. However, studies have shown that television, and media in general, can also have a very negative influence. Some studies indicate it can shorten attention span, distort body image, work in conjunction with other factors to escalate obesity, create fear, and increase aggressive and anti-social behaviors if exposure is unmonitored and unlimited.

Impact of Student Socio-Economic Background on Performance

Impact of Student Socio-Economic Background on Performance â€Å"THE IMPACT OF STUDENT’S SOCIO-ECONOMIC BACKGROUND ON ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE† A CASE STUDY OF NORTH-EAST STUDENTS IN LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY (PUNJAB) JALESH GURUNG CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ORIENTATION OF THE PROBLEM Education is a basic tool used by society for transmission of its societal values and culture. so, every parents are the most immediate relation of a child for their development and growth. Their financial status and education do have an important influence on the personality of child. For instance educated parents can better understand the educational needs and their children’s aptitude. They can help their children in their early education which affects their proficiency in their relative area of knowledge, confidence, idea, etc. While, Belonging to strong financial background, parents can provide latest technologies and facilities in a best possible way to enhance educational capability of their children as well as they provide good education facilities also. Socioeconomic status is an economic and sociological combined total measure of a persons work experience and of an individuals or family’s economic and social position relative to others, based on income and education, and occupation (Marmot, Michael, 2004) indicates When analyzing a family’s social economic status, the household income, earners’ education and occupation are examined, as well as combined income, versus with an individual, when their own attributes are assessed. Many factors and reasons have been given as being responsible for the continuous falling in the academic standard of our present educational system. These includes; attitudes of teachers to work, lack of seriousness on the part of the students, effect of the dwindled economy and to some extent the increasing degenerating moral system. According to Lareau, Annette ( 2003) observes that Socioeconomic status is typically broken into three categories, high, middle, and low to describe the three areas a family or an individual may fall into when placing a family or individual into one of these categories any or all of the three variables income, education, and occupation can be assessed. Additionally, low income and little education have shown to be strong predictors of a range of physical and mental health problems due to environmental conditions may be the entire cause of that person’s social predicament to begin with. Most economically disadvantaged children have effectively mastered the usual developmental childhood tasks of motor and language skills, and have learned the values of social practices of their homes and neighborhoods (Harry Klingner, 2007); but they may not have learned particular forms of language or the ways in which schools use specific forms of language to the extent that their middle inco me peers have. Therefore, it can be assumed that students’ failure to achieve academically may be explained by other factors also. The amount of money that a family has or the color of a child’s skin should not influence how well that child learns (Rothstein, 2004) Literature review These chapter focus on the relevant and related literature of various researches in an attempt to relate their work to this study. Sub topic related to the literature review are as follows: The concept of social and economic problems Relationship between parents income to the students. The students academic performance as well as social adjustment (i)The concept of social and economic problems While sociology use some broad theoretical sense to explain the concept and meaning of society and its activities. They divide the macro-level society into two broad perspectives, namely functionalism and conflict theory, and then the feminist theory, which combines both micro and micro-levels of analysis, and also the interactions theory, a micro –level analysis which is by far the most influential of the social psychological theories in sociology. (Coleman and Cressey, 1999).The idea make up of the society in such that individual and group of individual is co-exist in the society and make them as a harmony and pace without any threat to the society. Moreover the concept of social and economic problems is that misconstrued by many people. (ii)Relationship between parents income to the students. APA ( 2001) describe the relationship of family socioeconomic status to childrens readiness for school, Across all socioeconomic groups; parents face major challenges when it comes to providing optimal care and education for their children. For families in poverty these challenges can be formidable. Sometimes, when basic necessities are lacking, parents must place top priority on housing, food, clothing, and health care. Educational toys, games, and books may appear to be luxuries, and parents may not have the time, energy, or knowledge to find innovative and less-expensive ways to foster young childrens development. Furthermore,( Ominde, S.H 1964) observes that even in families with above average income parents often lack the time and energy to invest fully in their childrens preparation for school, and they sometimes face a limited array of options for high-quality child care both before their children start school and during the early school years. Kindergarten teachers throughout the country report that children are increasingly arriving at school inadequately prepared. Families with low socioeconomic status often lack the financial, social, and educational supports that characterize families with high socioeconomic status. Poor families also may have inadequate or limited access to community resources that promote and support childrens development and school readiness. Parents may have inadequate skills for such activities as reading to and with their children, and they may lack information about childhood immunizations and nutrition. Lareau, Annette (2004) state that low maternal education and minority-language status are most consistently associated with fewer signs of emerging literacy and a greater number of difficulties in preschoolers. Having inadequate resources and limited access to available resources can negatively affect families decisions regarding their young childrens development and learning. As a result, children from families with low socioeconomic status are at greater risk of entering kindergarten unprepared than their peers from families with median or high socioeconomic status. Amutabi, M.A (2003) says that the impact of socioeconomic status on children’s readiness for school: while the segregating nature of social class, ethnicity, tradition may well reduce the variety of enriching experience through to be prerequisite for creating readiness to learn among children activates. Similarly, cast ethnic value, housing, neighborhood and access to resource that directly or indirectly affect enrichment or deprivation as well as the acquisition of specific value system (iii)The student’s academic performance as well as social adjustment Academic performance of students in the classroom is very important as this is capable of determining whether the student is doing well or not. Parents, Teachers, School Administrators attach so much importance to students’ academic performance that if the students are not performing well academically, then they see all other efforts of the students in the school programme as a total waste. These people pretend as if there are no other activities for the student in the school environment aside the academics, hence academic performance defines the totality of the child in his school life. Contrary to the opinion of this group, it is important that there are many factors that determine the level of a student’s academic achievement, chief among these factors is social adjustment. Moreover, academic performance has been seen as a term used for students based on how well they are doing in their studies and classes. This definition tends to see academic performance as the culmination of all the activities of the student in the school. Academic performance for the student is also seen as the extent to which a student has achieved his educational goals (Wikipedia, 2012-2014). 1.3 Statement of the problems According to study published in 2001 issue of Psychological Science found that children of parents with a high socioeconomic status tended to express more disengagement behaviors than their less fortunate peers. In this context, disengagement behaviors represent actions such as fidgeting with other objects and drawing pictures while being addressed. Other participants born into less favored circumstances tended to make more eye contact, nods as signs of happiness when put into an interactive social environment. The more fortuitous peers felt less inclined to gain rapport with their group because they saw no need for their assistance in the future. However, Socio-economic status can be measured in a number of different ways. The prime things that commonly it is measured by father’s education, occupation and income. All familys socioeconomic status is based on family income, parental education level, parental occupation, and social status in the community such as contacts within the community, group associations, and the communitys academic performance of the family, while families with high socioeconomic status often have more success in preparing their young children for school because they typically have access to a wide range of resources to promote and support young childrens development in day to day life. They are able to provide their young children with high- quality child care, books, and toys to encourage children in various learning activities at home but lack in poor ones. And , they have easy access to information regarding their childrens health, as well as social, emotional, and cognitive development. In addition, families with high socioeconomic status often seek out information to help them better prepare their young children for school and college. The study aimed at finding o ut the contribution of socio-economic status of the family on the academic performance of the student in private Universities in Punjab, A case study of North-East students in lovely professional university. 1.4 Objective To study the relationship between socio- economic status of families and its impact on the academic performance of the students in university. To study the impact of the level of parents’ education on the academic performance of the students in university level. To study the impact of occupations of parents on academic performance of the students in the in university. Similarly, to know about the negative impact as well as positive impact on the students performance. To study the impact of family income on academic performance of the students in the various courses in university. To study the impact of expenditure on children’s education on their academic performance in the university. To know about the student’s academic performance (TGPA/CGPA) according to their families socio-economic background. CHAPTER-II METHODS AND PROCEDURE 2.1 STUDY AREA 2.2METHODS While, according to the availability of data the method adopted for this study was descriptive and statistical in nature. The sample consists of 95 students selected from different courses in the university. Therefore, Out of 95 students 36 were males and 59 were females in age range of 20 to 30 from different schools. To have a comparative study of the boys and the girls ,the sample was drawn from both the boys and the girl’s institutions. Stratified random sampling technique was applied for selection of the students for the sample. Similarly, For a detailed technical discussion of all that will be presented in this section, see Dachs et al (2006) Figure 1 –Heretical web of determinants of academic performance of students at university (Dechs et al. 2006) 2.3 QUESTIONNAIRE A self designed questionnaire was used for collection the data. First of all, The questionnaires were designed keeping in mind the objectives of the study and the clarity required at the field level for filling the questionnaire. In this study both types of questionnaire are used i.e. closed-ended as well open ended or combination of both. 2.4 DATA COLLECTION The primary data was collected through the help of questionnaires. While its carry both types such as closed ended as well as open ended questions and they are self administered. All around 95 of questionnaires ware distributed in different block of the University. Secondary data were collected by the appropriated data sources including news paper, books, journals, and activities both published and un-published data sources. Therefore, the data were collected by the method of snow ball survey as well as self distributed. Generally I followed this methods because it was save my time and costs. Additional documents were collected by the university faculty and from friends as well. 2.5 PROCESSING OF DATA The Entire data from the field observation was processed and tabulated in the computer unit. However these processes include the writing, interpretation, analysis of data etc. The programmed for the data feeding, coding of data, scrutinizing of data, preparing of table for the report as well as preparing of statistical volume and analytical tools likewise bar diagram, percentages, pie chat etc.

Compare cpu scheduling of linux and windows

Compare cpu scheduling of linux and windows ACKNOWLEGMENT I mohd sharique ansari of B tech-M Tech (CSE) would like to thank my teacher of numerical analysis Mr. RK Gupta who helped me throughout the development of this paper in best possible way. I would like appreciate the dedication and sincerity of my teacher for his guidance without whom this paper would not been possible. At last I would like to thank all my friends for their support. INTRODUCTION CPU SCHEDULING: Scheduling basically deals with the selection of a process that exists in the memory and ready to execute. The selected process is allocated with the CPU. This function is performed by the CPU scheduler. The CPU scheduler makes a sequence of â€Å"moves† that determines the interleaving of threads. Programs use synchronization to prevent â€Å"bad moves†. †¦but otherwise scheduling choices appear (to the program) to be nondeterministic. The schedulers moves are dictated by a scheduling policy. A general overview of the scheduling is depicted by the below representation: Windows process scheduling 1) Windows 3.1 xs used a non-preemptive scheduler, meaning that it did not interrupt programs. It relied on the program to end or tell the OS that it didnt need processor so that it could move on to another process. This is usually called cooperative multitasking. Windows 95 introduced a rudimentary preemptive scheduler; however, for legacy support opted to let 16 bit applications run without preemption 2) NT-based versions of Windows use a CPU scheduler based on a multilevel feedback queue, with 32 priority levels defined. It is intended to meet the following design requirements for multimode systems: Give preference to short jobs. Give preference to I/O bound processes. Quickly establish the nature of a process and schedule the process accordingly. All processes receive a priority boost after a wait event, but processes that have experienced a keyboard I/O wait get a larger boost than those that have experienced a disk I/O wait. â€Å"Foreground† processes given higher priority. 3) Windows XP uses a quantum-based, preemptive priority scheduling algorithm. The scheduler was modified in Windows Vista to use the cycle counter register of modern processors to keep track of exactly how many CPU cycles a thread has executed, rather than just using an interval-timer interrupt routine. Linux Process Scheduling From versions 2.6 to 2.6.23, the kernel used an O (1) scheduler. The Completely Fair Scheduler is the name of a task scheduler which was merged into the 2.6.23 release of the Linux kernel. It handles CPU resource allocation for executing processes, and aims to maximize overall CPU utilization while maximizing interactive performance. It uses that uses red-black trees instead of queues. Two classes of processes: real-time (soft deadlines) timesharing algorithm Normal process scheduling uses a prioritized, preemptive, credit-based policy: Scheduler always chooses process with the most credits to run. On each timer interrupt one credit is deducted until zero is reached at which time the process is preempted. If no ready process then all credits for a process calculated as credits = credits/2 + priority. This approach favors I/O bound processes which do not use up their credits when they run. The Round Robin and FIFO scheduling algorithms are used to switch between real-time processes Windows is by far the most popular proprietary personal computer operating system, while Linux is the most prominent free software operating system. Windows Linux 1)Process a)Address space, handle table, statistics and at least one thread b)No inherent parent/child relationship 1) Process is called a Task a)Basic Address space, handle table, statistics b)Parent/child relationship c)Basic scheduling unit 2) Threads a) Basic scheduling unit b) Fibers cooperative user-mode threads 2) Threads a)No threads per-se b)Tasks can act like Windows threads by sharing handle table, PID and address space c)P-Threads cooperative user-mode threads 3)windowing Windows has a kernel-mode Windowing subsystem. 3)windowing Linux has a user-mode X-Windowing system. 4)Two scheduling classes a)â€Å"Real time† (fixed) priority 16-31 b) Dynamic priority 1-15 4)Has 3 scheduling classes a)Normal priority 100-139 b)Fixed Round Robin priority 0-99 c)Fixed FIFO priority 0-99 5)Higher priorities are favored a) Priorities of dynamic threads get boosted on wakeups b)Thread priorities are never lowered 5)Lower priorities are favored a) Priorities of normal threads go up (decay) as they use CPU b)Priorities of interactive threads go down (boost) 6)Most threads run in variable priority levels a)Priorities 1-15; b)A newly created thread starts with a base priority c)Threads that complete I/O operations experience priority boosts (but never higher than 15) d)A threads priority will never be below base priority 6)Most threads use a dynamic priority policy a)Normal class similar to the classic UNIX scheduler b)A newly created thread starts with a base priority c)Threads that block frequently (I/O bound) will have their priority gradually increased d)Threads that always exhaust their time slice (CPU bound) will have their priority gradually decreased 7)The Windows API function SetThreadPriority() sets the priority value for a specified thread a)This value, together with the priority class of the threads process, determines the threads base priority level b)Windows will dynamically adjust priorities for non-real-time threads 7)â€Å"Nice value† sets a threads base priority a)Larger values = less priority, lower values = higher priority b)Valid nice values are in the range of -20 to +20 c)Non-privileged users can only specify positive nice value 8) Real time scheduling in windows. Windows xp supports static round-robin scheduling policy for threads with priorities in real-time range (16-31) a) Threads run for up to one quantum. b) Quantum is reset to full turn on preemption. c) Priorities never get boosted. 9) RT threads can starve important system services such as CSRSS.EXE Se-Increase Base Priority Privilege is required to elevate a threads priority into real-time range. 8) Real time scheduling in Linux. Linux supports two static priority scheduling policies: Round-robin and FIFO (first in, first out) a) Selected with the sched-setscheduler( ) system call b) Use static priority values in the range of 1 to 99 c) Executed strictly in order of decreasing static priority 9) RT threads can easily starve lower-priority threads from executing Root privileges or the CAP-SYS-NICE capability are required for the selection of a real-time scheduling policy 10) Some System calls and DPC/APC handling can cause priority inversion 10) Long running system calls can cause priority-inversion 11) Scheduling timeslices in windows The thread time slice (quantum) is 10ms-120ms a)When quanta can vary, has one of 2 values 11) Scheduling timeslices in Linux. The thread quantum is 10ms-200ms a)Default is 100ms b)Varies across entire range based on priority, which is based on interactivity level 12) Windows NT has always had an O (1) scheduler based on pre-sorted thread priority queues. 12) The Linux 2.4 scheduler is O(n) If there are 10 active tasks, it scans 10 of them in a list in order to decide which should execute next This means long scans and long durations under the scheduler lock 13) In windows (vista sp1) the time-slice varies -manual (user setting, window boost) as well as automatic (window boost). 13) In Linux 2.6.28 the time-slice does not vary- manual(user setting, window boost) and automatic (window boost). 14) In windows (vista sp1) CPU partitioning is not possible. 14) In Linux 2.6.28 CPU partitioning (CPU sets) is possible. 15) Scheduler load balancing is not possible. 15) Scheduler load balancing is possible.

The Right Key :: Free Essays Online

The Right Key Today many common, everyday functions are governed by punching the right keys. Whether you are "surfing" the World Wide Web or making a long-distance phone call, you essentially press some type of key to manipulate some form of technology. This ability to manipulate technology can be considered a "literacy": a mastery of the specific skills and knowledge required to use technology to a person's advantage. Because of their widespread use in everyday life, a literacy of different forms of technology is a necessity for people today. The ability to use some form of technology to your own advantage is to be technologically literate. Technology encompasses everything from computers, the World Wide Web, and e-mail to telephones, cash machines, and library cataloguing resources. This definition implies just a working knowledge and familiarity with the technology in the world today and not a complete, in depth knowledge. A knowledge is mandatory for all because technology is constantly surrounding people today. Computers and related objects are now used by not only scientists and engineers but also students and parents. A knowledge of how to search the World Wide Web can be useful when a student is looking for references for a report. Checking a bank account balance over the phone can be a useful skill for a parent with little time. Both skills however require a literacy of computer, telephone, and banking technology. In my own experience, a technological literacy is essential in my life: there is not a day where I do not use some form of technology. Not only do I use a long distance code when calling home but I also acquire money to pay my phone bill from a cash machine. I frequently e-mail friends at other colleges and have an electronic meal plan on my college ID card. When writing papers I do research with the on-line library catalog and actually write my paper on my computer. If I did not know how to use these forms of technology I would certainly not be able to pass my english class. Thus for people who are illiterate technologically their lives become more complex and at times difficult in a world which is very dependent on technology. If you urgently need money at midnight, and do not know how to use a cash machine, can you wait till the bank opens in the morning? A person can only search for references on a computer and save themselves large amounts of time if they know how to use a computer.

Who Is Responsible For Cleanup Under CERCLA? :: essays research papers

Who Is Responsible For Cleanup Under CERCLA? What is CERCLA? The Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act ( CERCLA ) 1) The purpose of CERCLA is to make owners and operators of hazardous waste dump sites and contaminated areas, as well as their customers, responsible for cleanup costs and property damage. 2) CERCLA is also referred to as THE SUPERFUND. It is authorized to a level of 8.5 billion dollars. The funding for CERCLA comes 87% from taxes on the chemical industry and 13% from general revenues of the federal government. Who is responsible? After a hazardous waste site is identified, CERCLA places ultimate cleanup responsibility on those who used the site. Parties responsible for a waste dump are liable for the cost of waste removal and other remedial action.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  If potentially responsible parties can be identified, then they can be held liable for either cleanup costs incurred, or for replenishment of the Superfund. Who is a Potentially Responsible Party? 1.) Owners and operators of waste sites. i) CERCLA actions against dissolved corporations are permissible ii) If one is the owner or operator, liability may attach even if some other party in the past placed hazardous wastes there. ( The seller of a foundry was found liable under CERCLA when it was sold for $25,000, but was appraised at $200,000, suggesting the decision to sell was for disposal of hazardous materials.) A vendor is not an owner if it did not own the property at the time of toxic discharge from the facility. iii) A parent company may be considered the owner, despite the formation of a subsidiary with day to day control over operations. iv) Lenders and secured creditors are liable if they actively participate in decisions involving either waste treatment, or site development. They are not liable if they do not participate in management decisions. (silent partners and banks) v) An owner, employer, or waste generator may be liable for the harmful consequences of disposal practices undertaken by third parties in a contractual relationship with it. ( If I hire Fly-By-Night Disposal Corp. to dispose of my waste and they do so by dumping it in the river, then I may be liable.) 2.)Persons who accepted hazardous substances for transport or disposal. 3.)Persons who arranged with a transporter for transportation of wastes. 4.)Any person who arranged for disposal or treatment of hazardous substances.

Comparing The Jewel in the Crown and Wuthering Heights Essay -- compar

Similarities in The Jewel in the Crown and Wuthering Heights      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  "He stood a stranger in this breathing world, An erring spirit from another hurl'd... What had he been?   What was he, thus unknown? Who walked their world, his lineage all unknown?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   George Gordon, Lord Bryon (1788-1824)       This except of a poem from the Romantic period could be used to describe two characters from two different works of different time periods.   Heathcliff - the "dark-skinned gypsy" with the "manners of a gentleman"(WH 5) is the villain/hero of Emily Bronte's Wuthering Heights (1847) and Hari - the very English, Hindu-Indian, outcast/hero of Paul Scott's The Jewel in the Crown (1966) share many common characteristics.   Both represent a lower class of dark-skinned people that are disadvantaged by the times and societies that they live in.   Each fights outward prejudices as well as their own inner battles to determine self-worth.   Heathcliff and Hari find themselves in love with white-skinned women who represent the superior class in...

Monday Morning

Monday Morning’s It is said by many that on Monday’s, it is the hardest day of the week. After two days of resting, Saturdays and Sundays, many dislike, Monday mornings, most often when they have to get up early to go to work for eight hours and or more. School!! I have assembly? â€Å"OH! † I would exclaim with the most amount of disappointment. Now as a school we would all have to stand up and now for a little more than thirty (30) minutes, we would have to listen to the principle, Fr. Gregory Augustine, give the results or talk about the problems of what took place that week in school.After, the rest of the day feels like an entire week at school. My mother, Lauretta, for one, dislikes Monday morning’s, Period . She always claimed that she only goes thought the process( working on Mondays) to get me thought my school years; by that she means she goes to work on a Monday to put me thought school. Monday morning’s for her is usually a tiring one. L auretta’s saying of Monday’s is that it’s the first working day of the week and usually it’s where you prepare for the week , getting up early ,then prepare meals for the children and ironing the children’s clothes.After she heads down to the office, picks up two colleagues on the way and drives, from Arima to Chaguanas . Boy, this must have been tiring for her. There are many things people around the world could tell you about their time/ experiences on Mondays. After Sunday‘s resting, it’s always hard to get up early to go to work. * INTERVIEW: Why go to work on a Monday if we find it to be a problem? Some {89. 26 %} of humans out there said that they do it for the money . Susan Espinoza, says that if she don’t go to work she will be begging for a job.There are some people who are different, Sheila Richardson, is one who finds Thursday to be the hardest day of the week. Monday’s and Friday’s are, â€Å"The easie st days of the work week! â€Å"She exclaimed. In Fatima College we will find that there are some people who adore Mondays, Greg, for one loves Mondays for he gets to tell his crew all what took place that weekend . He said in his interview that he will love his holidays unlike Sylvia on the Friday. To me weather a holiday falls on a Friday and or a Monday, I am glad for the holiday given and any way you ake it ,IT WILL STILL BE A LONG WEEKEND. Jelani said that his mother makes him come to school and if he got the chance he would stay home every Monday. This taught is of no good to anybody for his future; I feel there is no good. In this essay, you will be able to see that not everyone is not the same. Some may like Monday’s and others may not. A person once told me that if she could take a sick leave every Monday, she will be more than welcome too. Sylvia Espinoza doesn’t like Mondays for it is too close to Sunday’s .She expresses that if she doesn’t go to work she will lose her job and will be out of sick leave. She also said she wishes to change Mondays. into Sundays She doesn’t like Mondays but will prefer holidays on Friday for three days of resting. The comparison was made that Sunday’s are red, while Mondays are taught as Blue. This is because blue is seen as a sad colour for many. Regardless of if you like Monday’s or not, the truth is; it comes across like this. If I was to change or put three days of resting (Saturday.Sunday and Monday) as our weekends we will find that almost 90 percent of our population will and or begin to hate/dislike Tuesdays. This saying is something in our heads/minds which is not bad but yet not very healthy for us, for it is proven that some 0. 04 percent of people around the world lose their jobs for this taught and or act. The INTERVIEW FOR THIS TOPIC. Questions: Do you like Monday morning’s? Why do we find it so tiring? Do you find it to be the longest day of the wo rk week? Why do we find it to be the longest day of the week?When would you prefer a holiday on a Friday or a Monday for the LONG WEEKEND? Do you go to work on a Monday Morning? Why go to work on a Monday if we find it to be a problem? Why you think Monday is such a hated day? Interviews: Susan Espinoza Sheila Richardson Patrice Espinoza Charleen Murphy Lydia Doolam. Greg felician Jelani Ellis Sylvia Espinoza Lauretta Espinoza Neil Espinoza INTRODUCTION: I , Noel Neil Espinoza was not tired, but concerned why my mother(Lauretta Espinoza), always disliked Sunday Evenings because she knew that then next day was Monday and how she HATED Mondays .I took it upon myself to write a six hundred and eighty seven worded essay on why PEOPLE DISLIKED MONDAYS SO MUCH ! I took a little over a week to do this with some intense interviews and a lot of research, this story was born and discovered. We know that some people are different and feel different ways about different things. I interviewed my neighbourhood and my school {Fatima College} and we thank everyone who gave an input to make this story as beautiful as it is . This story is (? ) three, quarters, of facts and (1/4)one quarter fiction.

Interpersonal Relationships: Development And Deterioration Essay

There is an adage that says, ‘No man is an island’. Every man or woman if I am permitted is sustained by some form of some form of interaction with people. Man was made for it, so to live without it is like taking a fish out of its natural habitat. What do you expect from such a fish? It will surely die. You ever wonder what the world would look like without somebody to lean on, talk to, and share your feelings with. One could explode carrying all that ‘burden’ on one’s mind. Even from the religious perspective, the Bible has it that God made man for himself, so he could talk relate to someone. You wonder if God needed relationship, why we would not need it more. All social intercourse between human beings is a response of personality to personality, grading upwards from the most casual brush from people to people to the fullest, and most intimate of which the human soul is capable. An interpersonal relationship is simply a person to person association between two or more people. This could be a love relationship (marriage), family, work, and people living in your neighbourhood etc. In this kind of relationship, there is some level of interpersonal knowledge where both parties have certain knowledge of the other person(s) involved. In all of these relationships, on thing is evident, there is a bond or a tie formed between them. In other words, interpersonal relationships are about meeting the needs of one another. Not limiting this interpersonal relationship idea to man alone, even animals and plants. In Biology, we were taught Symbiosis as a form of relationship existing between algae and Fungi. Even the plants need each other to live. We see that every form of life is sustained by some form of relationship(s). These relationships also have their effects on us, either positively or negatively. Take a sample study on people who engage in interpersonal relationship, you will notice a rubbing off that occurs in both parties. You see that each one picks some attitudes of the other and exhibits them unconsciously. And you wonder, how did that happen? Every interpersonal relationship operates by certain principles which we overlook. People just don’t become intimate or close all of a sudden. It begins with a law called ATTRACTION. Since relationships are choices we make individually and not forcibly, we naturally relate with people we are physically attracted to. Spending QUALITY TIME with the other party involved. Taking a marriage relationship for example, one major reason for the break ups that we see in marriages is the lack of spending quality time with the other party. This leaves the other party very lonely, and this could open the door for infidelity and a lot more. Since we said earlier that relationships is about meeting needs, then NOT BEING SELFISH also helps develop interpersonal relationships. The key to a good interpersonal relationship is simple once you understand the role that needs play in making a relationship weak, moderate, average, or strong. Relationships are strong when there is a ‘give and take’ rule in operation ‘Relationship deterioration refers to the weakening of the bonds that hold people together. This happens when both parties are currently unhappy with the state of things. Among the causes of the deterioration include: financial problems, sex-related problems, work –related problems, third-party relationships and many more’. For the fact that one has problems in interpersonal relationships does not make you the first person with issues, neither does it make you a failure. What we need to do is to put the matter on the table, settle issues and make things work between us. This is the key to every long standing relationship till now and will always be. References: Goldman, B (2008), â€Å"Improving Interpersonal relationships. † Pearson, A (2008), ‘Interpersonal Relationships: Growth and Deterioration -The Interpersonal Communication Book. Tanner, D. (1990) Women and men in conversation. New York: Ballantine Books. Doyle, T (2000). Types of Interpersonal Relationships

Summary of the Article “All Fired Up-Tapping The Rockies” by Mitchell

The article ‘All fired up-Tapping the Rockies' by John G. Mitchell appeared in July 2005 issue of National Geographic. It is an interesting commentary on energy development initiatives that are being planned for Rocky mountain region in Wyoming. The article identifies five important locations in Rocky Mountains that have been selected by the government for energy exploration. The Bureau of Land Management controls these regions and can lease them out for energy development when the right time comes. Already, Pinedale mesa has seen aggressive gas and energy development activities which have dented the beautiful landscape to a large extent. The area is laced with pipelines and there are already 500 wells that BLM plans to use for natural gas extraction purposes. The number of wells is likely to rise to more than 3,000 soon. It must be made clear that if all these regions are fully exploited, it can cause serious harm to the environment and for this reason, there is a provision in Bush administration's 2001 National energy policy report that indicates that 40 percent of natural gas resources found in Rocky Mountains will not be used because of environmental concerns. But opponents put the figures at 12 percent. It is interesting that while BLM is proposing more aggressive exploration, it has not yet fully exploited the existing leased natural gas resources. Out of close to 46,000 leases nationwide, only half were producing anything while the rest were lying idle. Why lease more land when the existing leases are not being utilized properly. Throughout this region, two types of natural gas are being targeted: tight sands gas and coal bed methane (CBM). The Powder River Basin is rich with CBM resources but extracting the gas is more costly than sands gas even though drilling costs much less. The extraction problem is also aggravated because of the water that comes out during exploration. This water has to be safely disposed off but it is highly saline and can thus cause damage to land and crops. While the officials might come up with many benefits that they feel would accrue to landowners with this kind of exploitation, the residents of the region do not agree with them. People believe that due to lack of water, the area has become unlivable. Montana's Rocky Mountain Front is another area rich in natural resources but it is less vulnerable than other parts because owners have rights to mineral under their land. However if aggressive energy developments efforts are started in this region, even these owners will be forced to allow vehicular access to neighboring wells along with pipelines and drill pads. People are furious with BLM's inability and lack of commitment to provide safer environment. Some ranchers in San Juan Basin complain that their region has become unfit for cattle because of the wells. Land erosion and pollution have made the environment hostile to cattle. The article speaks against government's energy policies and explains the environmental damages that would result due to unmitigated use of land for energy exploration. People have complained of government's failure to take into consideration environmental safeguards which has made living harder. Water resources are being brutally exploited for gas exploration when it is desperately required by the residents to meet their daily consumption needs.

Pre-Linguistic Development Essay

As linguistic development designates the stage when children are able to manipulate verbal symbols, it should be apparent that pre-linguistic development refers to the stage before the child is able to manipulate such symbols. Consequently, this stage is sometimes called the pre-symbolic stage. Pre-linguistic development, therefore, concerns itself with precursors to the development of symbolic skills and typically covers the period from birth to around 13 months of age. Four stages can be identified: * Vegetative sounds (0-2 months): the natural sounds that babies make, e.  g. crying, coughing, burping, and swallowing. * Cooing and laughter (2-5 months): these vocalizations usually occur when the baby is comfortable and content. They are typically made up of vowels and consonants. * Vocal play (4-8 months): the infant engages in longer and more continuous streams of either vowel or consonant sounds. * Babbling (6-13 months): at least two sub-stages are identified – reduplicated babbling, in which the child produces a series of Consonant-Vowel (CV) syllables with the same consonant being repeated (e.  g. wa-wa-wa, mu-mu-mu) and non-reduplicated babbling, consisting of either CVC vocalizations (e. g. mom, pip) or VCV vocalizations (e. g. ama, ooboo). [See Speech Development] Up to this stage of development much of what the child produces is really no more than a sort of verbal play. The child is practicing individual sounds, and sound sequences, and gaining the motor skills necessary to produce what will eventually be considered as actual adult words. So, young children make various sounds and others then assign meaning to these. So, for example, a child may reach for an object whilst at the same time saying ‘m’. An adult may interpret this as the child wanting help to get the object. The child, having realized that this combination of physical gesture (reaching) and articulating ‘m’ prompts an adult to pass the desired object, may go on to repeat this behavior. The child is learning that certain actions that he or she performs can be used to control his or her environment. These changes come about because the child’s ability to focus their attention on their caregiver and on objects becomes more refined as they mature. For example, from 0-2 months there is shared attentiveness in which only the baby and caregiver form part of any interactive event – all other elements are ignored. From 2-6 months there is interpersonal engagement when the baby is conceptually able to differentiate their own self from the caregiver and focus attention on each other and on the ‘message’ of the communicative event. Then, from about 6-15 months there is a shift such that the child is now able to focus attention on objects (e. g. cups, toys, books) and understand that the communicative event is focused on these. This is sometimes called joint object involvement. It is, however, the emergence of words from about 12 months onwards that signals the onset of linguistic development. This is the stage when there is symbolic communication emerges. Linguistic Development Linguistic development occurs at what is called the One Word Stage. It is at this stage that we can properly talk about a child’sexpressive language, i. e. the words used to express emotions, feelings, wants, needs, ideas, and so on. This should not be confused with the child’s understanding or receptive language. The two are, of course, closely related. However, a child will typically understand much more than he or she can actually express and a child’s expressive language, therefore, lags behind its comprehension by a few months. Early One Word Stage (12-19 months) Before the emergence of the first ‘adult’ words the child will use specific sound combinations in particular situations. The sound combinations are not conventional adult words but they appear to be being used consistently to express meaning. For example, if the child says mu every time he or she is offered a bottle of milk then this may be considered to be a ‘real’ word. Similarly, if the child says bibi each time he or she is given a biscuit then, even though the sound combination does not represent an exact adult word, it would still be considered an early word. These early words are called protowords. The child will also be using gesture together with these specific vocalizations in order to obtain needs, express emotions, and so on. The important point is that the child is consistent in his or her use of a particular ‘word’. Later One Word Stage (14-24 months) The words used by the child are now more readily identifiable as actual adult words. A variety of single words are used to express his or her feelings, needs, wants, and so on. This is the stage at which, amongst other things, the child begins to name and label the objects and people around them. Examples include common nouns such as cup dog hat proper nouns such as Dad Sarah Rover and verbs such as kiss go sit The child may also use a few social words such as no bye-bye please The child will not yet have developed all the adult speech sounds and so the words used are unlikely to sound exactly as an adult would say them. However, they are beginning to approximate more closely to an adult model and they are beginning to be used consistently. At the end of the One Word Stage the child should have a much larger vocabulary, should be able to sustain a simple conversation, be using several adult speech sounds appropriately, and be conveying meaning through the use of single words in combination with facial expression, gesture and actions. These single words will express a variety of meaning. The next stage in the child’s development of expressive language is that he or she begins to combine two words together into simplephrases. Two Word Stage (20-30 months) It is at this stage that the child begins to produce two-word combinations similar to the following. daddy car shoe on where Katie Note that a variety of different word classes may be combined: * For example, daddy car involves the combination of two words from the same word class of nouns one noun (daddy) with another noun (car). * However, shoe on consists of two words from two different word classes, nouns and prepositions: one noun (shoe) plus a preposition (on). * Also, where Katie uses a so-called interrogative pronoun (where) together with a proper noun (Katie). In fact, a high percentage of these two-word combinations incorporate nouns. This is not surprising, as the child has spent a lot of time learning the names of objects and people. These are the important things in his or her environment and the things that are most likely to be manipulated, talked about, and so on. They are often the concrete, permanent things to which the child can most readily relate. In addition, at this Two Word Stage there is also prolific use of verbs (e. g. go, run, drink, eat). Three Word Stage (28-42 months). As its name implies, at this next stage of development children extend their two-word utterances by incorporating at least another word. In reality children may add up to two more words, thereby creating utterances as long as four words. The child makes greater use of pronouns (e. g. I, you, he, she, they, me) at this stage, e. g. me kiss mummy you make toy he hit ball It is at this stage that the child also begins to use the articles the, a and an. At first their use is inconsistent but as the child approaches 42 months of age they become more consolidated in their utterances, e. g. me kick a ball you give the dolly he throw an orange. In addition, it is common for the prepositions in and on to be incorporated between two nouns or pronouns, e. g. mummy on bed you in it Sarah in bath Four Word Stage (34-48 months) From about 34 months the child begins to combine between four to six words in any one utterance. There is greater use of contrast between prepositions such as in, on and under and adjectives such as big and little, e. g. mummy on little bed daddy under big car daddy playing with the little ball Complex Utterance Stage (48-60 months) This stage is typified by longer utterances, with the child regularly producing utterances of over six words in length. It is at this stage that the concept of past and future time develops and this is expressed linguistically in a child’s utterances, e. g. we all went to see Ryan yesterday [past time] Daddy is going to get a shoe [future time] Robert stopped and kicked a good goal [past time] Some of the more conceptually difficult prepositions such as behind, in front and next to also become established at this stage. The child will also be using the contracted negative, e. g. can’t rather than can not, didn’t rather than did not, won’t rather than will not, and so on. Example utterances include the following. Helen can’t go to granddad’s house Connor didn’t stop crying he won’t eat up all his dinner for mummy There is a lot of controversy about just when the Complex Utterance Stage is completed. Some researchers claim that at five years of age a child has developed all of the major adult linguistic features and that the only real progression beyond this stage is the further acquisition of vocabulary items. Other researchers, however, argue that children up to the age of 12 years are still developing adult sentence structure. As indicated, our overview of language development has focused on how the child develops longer and longer utterances, i. e. it has concentrated on expressive language. It should be noted, however, that there is a parallel development of comprehension, or receptive language. So, for example, at the Early One Word Stage the child is capable of understanding a few single words spoken by others as well as speaking a few words. Similarly, at the Three Word Stage the child can also comprehend the four to six word utterances spoken by others as well as producing such utterances themselves. In summary, the child will need to be able to comprehend utterances at least at the same level as those that he or she is able to construct and use expressively. In reality, we find that a child’s level of understanding actually precedes their level of expression. That is to say, a typically developing child will always understand more than they can express. The extent to which the development of receptive language precedes expressive language is highly variable and it is not possible to define any precise norms. The following table summarizes the stages of early development of expressive language. Precursors to Language (Pre-linguistic)| 0-2 months| 2-5 months| 4-8 months| 6-13 months| reflexive crying and vegetative sounds| cooing and laughter| vocal play| babbling – reduplicated – non-reduplicated| (Symbolic) Language| 12-19 months| 14-24 months| 20-30 months| 28-42 months| 34-48 months| 48-60 months| Early One Word Stage(protowords)| Later One Word Stage| Two Word Stage| Three Word Stage| Four Word Stage| Complex Utterance Stage| Table 1. Early Development of Expressive Language.

Mixed Methods Research Manuscript Critique Assignment

Mixed Methods Research Manuscript Critique - Assignment Example plied the communication theory on its sample students in an attempt to understand the students’ perception on the use of the substances (DeSantis, Webb & Noar, 2008). Through the communication theory, the researcher would understand the health knowledge of the students, their attitudes and even reactional behaviors towards the substance. After gathering information on the students’ perception on the use of the drugs, the researcher would then be better placed to define mechanisms that would properly educate the students on the dangers of the prescription drugs (DeSantis, Webb & Noar, 2008). The quantitative and qualitative methodologies complemented each other in the research. The two forms of methodology provided an understanding on the rising numbers on the use of ADHD stimulant use. The quantitative methodology gave the statistics on the use of the stimulants while qualitative gave results on the interviews with the students (DeSantis, Webb & Noar, 2008). Data was collected quantitatively using surveys and qualitatively using in-depth interviews. Convenience sampling was used to get the best students to give the correct data on the use of ADHD stimulant drugs (DeSantis, Webb & Noar, 2008). Data was gathered via the use of in-depth interviews through the hand-held audio tape recorders. Rigor was assured through training and supervising the researchers on interviewing process, the ethical strategies, and the transcription procedure (DeSantis, Webb & Noar, 2008). Prior to participating in the study, the students were advised that the study would be voluntary and would lead to a productive educational experience. The students then provided their consent before the survey completions. Written agreements were also obtained from the students before the interview took place (DeSantis, Webb & Noar,

DRIVING THE ORGANISATION - ORGANISATIONAL DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT Assignment - 1

DRIVING THE ORGANISATION - ORGANISATIONAL DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT - Assignment Example The point of debate is that whether the organizational strategy is purposely changed to adapt to the external environment or the strategy is automatically determined due to external forces, as noted by Hannan and Freeman (1977). Wieck, (1979) agrees with this stance and argues that developing mutually exclusive theories; relying one single causation, focusing on the origins and elimination of elements such as â€Å"choice† are problematic. This theory can be put to test in Sony’s case - we see that Sony’s strategic direction was determined by external and internal factors, and as a result, the external and internal environment was influenced by its direction. Some strategic choices were made due to adaptation, while the others were determined by external forces- both these forces conglomerated to create Sony’s’ strategic direction. This can be better portrayed using a Venn Diagram Given Sony’s position in the market, it can be said that it had a number of strategic choices; although most of these choices were somewhat influenced by the external environment and company decisions, but due to its size and complexity, it was able to achieve its desired outcome with the availability of multiple choices. According to the work of Porter (1980), such Companies are able to follow â€Å"differentiation and focus strategies, choose market niches or segments within the constraints laid down by the environment or alternatively pursue different strategies despite external forces†, as stated by Berle and Means (1932). Upon using Porter’s (1983) analysis of the external environment on Sony, we can understand how the external environment shaped the Sony’s strategic direction and how Sony’s decision in turn shaped the external environment. The five elements of Porter’s design include: Threat of New Entrants: For Sony, this was a major external force that based their strategic direction, and this is evident