Medieval Armor

Jeff quickly realized the problem was going to turn even more complex. The 1992 medallion was ordered by 3,876 people; they planned on 4,500. The bed is $2,964. 30 and the chair is $687. 29 (with the 15% discount). Their neighbor paid the eight prudish men for their work on the docks. In our society, the average person changes jobs more often than ever before. As a result, most people are apt to do several job campaigns during their lifetime. Most jobs require applicants to submit a letter of application and a data sheet or resume. Both the data sheet and the resume give the prospective employer a summary of your background.A resume, however, is a more detailed account of your experiences and may be used when applying for a higher level job. The letter and data sheet are the means through which a potential employer first meets you. On the basis of these two documents a first impression is formed. A positive first impression usually will result in an invitation to a job interview. The refore, it is critical that a great deal of care be taken to ensure that the first impression made by these documents is a good one. Make sure that these documents are free of errors with accurate and proper information.Job interviews are used to give the potential employer a chance to screen you further to determine if you are qualified for the job and to see if you will fit in with the organization. You are expected to be on time to dress appropriately for the job interview. A conservative approach to dress is usually good advice to follow when choosing proper attire. During the interview you will need to sell yourself by emphasizing how your qualifications fit the position. We are glad that you decided to lease a two-bedroom condominium from Lakeview Condominium Association.As I indicated on the phone, you will need to send your $450 security deposit in order to reserve a unit. At the current time we do have two units that will be available for occupancy on the date you plan on m oving to Knoxville September 1. A triplicate copy of the lease agreement is enclosed for your signature. Please sign and return it to me along with the security deposit. We look forward having you as one of our tenants; you will enjoy living in a Lakeview Condominium. 1231 Woodlawn Drive Toledo, OH 43612-1712 April 5, 19—Mr. Jeffrey A.York Lakeview Condominium Association 599 Miller Road Knoxville, TN 37920-4119 Dear Mr. York: Thank you for sending the lease so quickly. My check for the $450 security deposit is enclosed along with the signed lease. I will pay the first month’s rent when I arrive in Knoxville. I do have a few questions that you can answer for me regarding the condominium complex. 1. Do you arrange to have the electricity transferred to my name, or do I need to contact the electric company? 2. To what address will my mail be delivered? 3. Is garbage disposal included with the rent? 4. Is storage space available outside the condominium?I am looking forwar d to receiving the information so I can take care of these arrangements before arriving in Knoxville on September 1 Sincerely, Jennifer A. Rose Enclosure July 6, 19—Claudia Simpkins, Office Manager DESKTOP PUBLISHING SEMINAR Attached is the brochure about the desktop publishing seminar will allow me to use more productively the desktop system that was purchased last spring. I will also be happy to share with others what I learn from the seminar. I will need to submit registration forms by July 25 to avoid a late registration fee. Maria Gibson, Document Processing Center Attachment

Being a Blonde Haired Girl

Throughout my life many times I have heard the common snickering of†¦. â€Å"What do you call a blonde with half a brain? †Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. â€Å"Gifted! †, or â€Å"What do a blonde and a coke bottle have in common? †Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ â€Å"They are both empty from the neck up! † Although, yes, many times people find themselves cracking up at these dumb ‘harmless’ jokes, they are unconsciously supporting the stereotype that blondes are stupid. Even though these jokes are meant to be inoffensive; to some they remain stereotypical and inevitably discriminative.It is common in our society, no matter what the situation is, for a person to involuntarily judge another primarily based on their outward appearance before they obtain any knowledge of what kind of person they are. Universally, Blonde women are denounced as dumb, before they have even released a breath, or even spoken a word to give an acquaintance a mere hint of their intelligence leve l. Despite the fact that many blondes ‘hate’ to be perceived as dumb, our society is making it incredibly hard to avoid with the use of celebrities, actresses, movies, and tabloids.Being a blonde woman has put me in a group whether I like it or not. Being blonde has negative and positive effects on a person with this hair color. First of all, let's take a little look at where this whole â€Å"dumb blonde† idea comes from. One theory is that the ancient. Greeks and Romans so admired their flaxen-haired neighbors to the north, they would bleach their hair to make it blonde. Seeing as they didn't exactly have the health standards we have today, a considerable amount of bleach repeatedly placed on the scalp and being inhaled could have some effect on one's mental status.Another theory is that in the Middle Ages, while the lords and ladies pranced around and shaded their delicate features, common people worked outdoors in the fields and became tanned and their hair gr ew lighter. As the lower classes didn't usually have a formal education, tan skin and blonde hair became associated with unintelligent, lower class people. Then there is the ever famous book by Anita Loos and the movie based upon it, Gentlemen Prefer Blondes, starring Marilyn Monroe. Released in 1953, this story about two showgirls-a clueless blonde and a sassy brunette.While perhaps highlighting the â€Å"fun† side of blondes (in fact, brunette women held a demonstration protesting the movie, showing that brunettes could be just as much fun), this certainly did nothing to showcase their intelligence. â€Å"In a study conducted by a psychology professor at the University of Coventry in Britain, 120 men and women assessed photographs of a 21-year-old woman wearing a brown, red, natural blonde or platinum wig. The platinum blonde was rated less intelligent by the participants, particularly by the men. (McGinn) Blonde hair in women has been considered attractive and desirable a nd secondly, the belief that a blonde woman makes little use of her intelligence and relied more on her looks. This stereotype is a combination of historical stereotype, bad press, and human nature. Starting with history, blonde hair is a recessive trait, and therefore somewhat rarer than brown or black hair. Traditionally, this has made it more attractive and desirable. Hence blonde haired woman are perceived to be more beautiful than dark haired women.This can be deemed as a positive stereotyping. However, there is a negative stereotype as well. The dumb blonde is a popular-culture derogatory stereotype, intended to portray the blondes as very beautiful but dumb. Dumb blonde stereotyping entered the American culture in 1900s. Blondes are stereotyped as â€Å"beauties without brains†. This image of the blonde has been exploited in culture, literature, advertising and movies. These, in combination with other forms of media have given the ever-lasting perception of blonde-ster eotypes.The blonde-haired women have been portrayed as dumb-blondes. For example, Gentlemen Prefer Blondes, a novel, a Broadway musical and a film, exploited the idea of blonde's charm. Many blond actresses have played stereotypical â€Å"dumb blondes† in movies and sitcoms and this has further caused the people to stereotype blondes. â€Å"As a naturally blonde woman I find that I? m defending myself on a daily basis, having to assure people that I? m not an idiot and remonstrate my own common sense against their assumptions of my stupidity.People either assume that anyone with blonde hair must unquestionably be a ‘bimbo’ or if not, feel that they have the right to make jokes to the same effect at your expense. I agree completely that the many young, attractive women who dye their hair blonde and morph into tanned, plastically enhanced Barbie dolls to compensate for their lack of intellectualism, while not making them any less deserving of defense, does give wo men who just happen to be born with blonde hair a bad press. † (Littlemore) Blonde jokes are set to be banned in Hungary after a group of women staged an angry demonstration outside parliament. The protesters handed in a petition claiming they were being discriminated against in every walk of life by bad taste blonde jokes. Their spokesperson Zsuzsa Kovacs said: ‘Blondes face discrimination in the job market, in the workplace and even on the streets. ’† (Unknown) â€Å"Blonde-haired women earn seven percent more than women with other hair colors researchers claim, suggesting looks are worth more than intelligence if stereotypes are correct.The Telegraph reports that the study found that not only do blonde women earn more than darker haired counterparts in the workplace, that they also marry wealthier men, who earn an average of six per cent more than the husbands of other women. The study in the journal, Economics Letters reported that having blonde hair bo osts pay by $3,000 a year for a woman earning the average salary. † (Olsen) The power and control attached to this specific hair color can be useful for any individual. Sometimes it can get a person out of a tricky situation.For example, if a blonde does something stupid, she can pass it off as a so-called â€Å"blonde moment. † Instead of making fun, people will think, â€Å"Aww, cute. That was so silly. † Jessica Simpson made her fortune on this type of situation. Or say a blonde wants to really wow others. She could, with a little persistence, play the dumb blonde for a while. The setup may take quite some time, but when the conversation turns to a topic she knows well or has a strong opinion on, she can unleash all the intelligence she's been hiding.Being blonde has negative and positive effects on a person with this hair color. The dumb blonde stereotype will probably never go away. It hurts sometimes when being referred to as a dumb blonde when in fact that isn’t the case. No matter what the hair color, everyone has a â€Å"dumb blonde† moment every now and then. Also, blondes stick out in a crowd and are noticed more which is nice when it comes to meeting guys or when you’re competing for a job. Also, playing a dumb blonde can even get you what you want without anyone really knowing. Personally, I love that I’m a natural blonde.I currently am trying a new hair color but am finding that it still doesn’t compare to being blonde.Work Cited Littlemore, Vikki. â€Å"The Wrong Blonde Joke. † American Chronicle. Ultio, LLC. , 05 Jun 2009. Web. 8 Nov 2010. . McGinn, Dave. â€Å"Office blonde jokes no laughing matter. † The Globe and Mail. CTVglobemedia Publishing Inc. , 24 Nov 2009. Web. 8 Nov 2010. . Olsen, David. â€Å"Blonde Women Earn More Despite ‘Dumb' Stereotype. † Dynamic Business. Dynamic Business, 06 Apr 2010. Web. 8 Nov 2010. . Unknown. â€Å"Blonde Discrimination is n o Joke in Hungary. † IOL News. Independent Online, 24 Nov 2004. Web. 8 Nov 2010. .

Coaching Model Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Coaching Model - Assignment Example The task each employee undertakes plays a huge part in the realisation of an organization’s objectives. Perspectives in this case refer to factors such as values and motivations that drive the employee to perform the delegated tasks diligently. Apparently, in an organization where workers lack motivation from the top management fails to meet its target objectives compared to an organization that boasts of motivated employees. Process refers to the manner that dictates performance of tasks such as working as a team with an intention of improving performance. An employer must ensure that his or her employees exhibit a sense of purpose and understand their delegated roles within the organization. Gray (2010) substantiates that employees with a sense of personal direction usually exhibit high performance levels. Managers need to embark on improving workers motivation such as offering fringe benefits to them because high motivation levels translate to greater employee productivity. Lastly, a manager must develop effective process within the organization such as in service training of employees because highly trained employees usually exhibit high productivity within the

My Lifes Experience and Identity vs. Elaine Risley Essay

My Lifes Experience and Identity vs. Elaine Risley - Essay Example My case is no different from the person that I am today has greatly been determined by the experiences and the socialization processes that I went through as a child. Evidently, the childhood stage determines how one interacts with others, and even shape the kind of personality that an individual acquires. As seen in the novel, Elaine joins high school and it is at this point that her personality completely shifts from an introvert to a social person and an extrovert (Atwood 22). This transition can be related to the fact that in her childhood she did not have the right people an opportunity to converse with and even interact with. This is similar to my situation. When I was a child, I could barely communicate with others because my parent always questioned my doings, and I was, therefore, afraid that everything I did was wrong. Upon joining high school, my confidence was restored, and I began talking to people often. An individual’s experiences have major effects on the identity of individuals. In the novel, Elaine is seen to lead a very happy life before moving to Toronto despite her having friends (Atwood 22). In the course of her childhood, Elaine goes through terrible experiences such as being put in a hole in the name of game playing (Atwood 120). It is in this hole that she went through terror, fright, sadness, and betrayal. Her friends take advantage of her naivety and innocence to take advantage of her; though Elaine believed that her friends wanted to include her in the game. It would take time for Elaine to be embraced in the group since her fellow finds like Cordelia think that she is not normal (Atwood 134). Elaine stands the bullying from her friends and does not tell her parents or even the teacher. Her self-esteem is then damaged, a fact that determines her identity and personality.

ABA TIPS Article - Safety Misconduct Defenses Essay

ABA TIPS Article - Safety Misconduct Defenses - Essay Example te safety rules, provide safety training and devices, and in certain circumstances perform alcohol and drug testing as measures to safeguard employees from illnesses and injuries (Spurlock, 2012). Furthermore, in almost all cases, the employer must maintain and implement the said measures at their own expense. Statutorily, Kentucky as compared to Indiana and Tennessee provides the minimalistic amount of safety misconduct defense incentives in relation to employer safety rules. Workers compensation in the Kentucky statute provides for only a decrease in compensation benefits in regards to intentional failure to follow a safety rule of an employer (Spurlock, 2012). In addition, the statute also creates an affirmative defense regarding voluntary intoxication. Numerous employers have a simple safety rule that forbids horseplay. In Kentucky, it is not clear as to how horseplay receives treatment because, in several cases, injuries that involve horseplay are probably not considered to come out of the employment course, hence making horseplay act as a fully affirmative defense. Furthermore, the rules against horseplay have applied parallel consideration that have seen evaluation of the violation of non-horseplay safety rules is the history of the employers enforcing the rule of horseplay (Spurlock, 2012). Statutorily, the workers compensation of Indiana provides for an affirmative defense, barring compensation for all forms of safety misconducts (Spurlock, 2012). In addition, the statute of Indiana provides for full affirmative defense for failing to obey a safety rule or usage of a safety appliance. Regarded as a minority state in providing workers’ compensation of misconduct affirmative defense (Spurlock, 2012). Tennessee’s statute also provides for full affirmative defenses particularly in regards to illegal drug use or intoxication and refusal or failure in using a safety device. In summary, even though they act as a full defense or simply decrease benefits,

Green Buildings in Saudi Arabia Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Green Buildings in Saudi Arabia - Dissertation Example The researcher of this dissertation chapter states that it has been expected that regulation of Green Buildings would become obligatory in Saudi Arabia in the recent times. The government and the industry have been obtained to work together in this regard such that a common standard may be incorporated and applied in the process. Water and energy savings in buildings have also been considered significantly where the Ministry of Electricity is effectively involved with the Green Building Council and other associated companies. The researcher describes that green building that practices the creation of structures and use of processes intending to increase the effectiveness of use of resources like energy, water, and materials, at the same time plummeting the impacts of building on human health and the surroundings during the lifecycle of the building, with the use of enhanced design, construction, operation, maintenance, and removal, has been considered in the strategic plan by the Gul f countries like Dubai. The researcher also analyzed and discussed the availability of using different regulations in the country, energy efficiency of Saudi Arabia, air and indoor environmental quality of green houses and causes leading to increased demand of power and electricity in Saudi Arabia today. In conclusion, it is stated by the researcher that It can be expected that in the near future the country would be able to successfully achieve the green building constructions for the purpose of living and work in the country.

Research paper on the company Rolex, its channel market, competition,

On the company Rolex, its channel market, competition, distributions patterns. and channels - Research Paper Example Since the company has been successfully meeting demands of its consumer and consistently introducing creative and innovative designs in the market, the management and distribution strategies followed by the wrist watch manufacturer is of great interest. One of the critical aspects in quality management is logistics and supply chain as well as channel management. In the present research, various channel management strategies of Rolex will be evaluated. The research will throw light on the distribution patterns and various marketing strategies. Competitor analysis and business drivers will also be discussed. Company Description Rolex is a private watch manufacturing conglomerate involved in production, distribution and service of wristwatches under Tudor and Rolex brands. It was founded in the year 1905 in London, England by Alfred Davis and Hans Wilsdorf. The current headquarters is situated in Geneva and it has its distribution arms worldwide. Gian Riccardo Marini is the current CEO and by 2010, the total revenue earned by the watch manufacturer was 5.1 billion dollars. The company has over 2000 employees and produces more than 2000 watches every day (Yahoo, 2013) A Rolex watch on the wrist of a customer is expected to enhance the personality and style of that person. It has become a symbol of great taste and fashion. Since these watches are exclusively designed for upper class segments, not many of the people get the opportunity of owning this prestigious brand. In the year 2007, Rolex was announced as 71 on a list of 100 most valuable brands of the globe by Bloomberg Businessweek (Businessweek, 2007). During its tenure the company has achieved many milestones in terms of innovation and creativity. In the year 1926, Rolex introduced waterproof watch and became the first brand to do so. All Rolex watched are designed and manufactured with materials of dine quality and with much detail so that chances of error and mistakes are minimized. Focusing on developing w ell-designed and realistic marketing and channel distribution strategy is crucial in order to build a successful brand. Products The major brands produced under Rolex SA are Tudor and Rolex. There are three watch lines for Rolex; Professional, Oyster Perpetual and Cellini. Some of the famous modern and well-known models of the Rolex brand includes submariner, Yacht- Master, Day-date, Daytona, Day-just etc. Few of the famous Cellini models include Quartz Mens, Cellinium, Cestello Ladies etc. Retail pricing varies according to quality, materials used and models. Accordingly, Rolex watches can range from 650 dollars to 80000 dollars. Product Distribution System A distribution strategy is used in order to make products available to the target customers. Rolex has a worldwide presence. Naturally, the company has been using a comprehensive distribution strategy in order to reach its customers residing in various ends of the globe (Kerin, Hartley & Rudelius, 2011).The overall product distr ibution system includes geographic coverage, distribution channel market and distribution patterns. Geographic coverage Rolex is an international brand. The brand name Rolex was developed so that it can be easily pronounced in various languages. Having a famous Swiss background has made the brand easily recognizable in North America and Europe. The brand covers 28 worldwide affiliates and has around 4000 watchmakers working in more than 100 countries round the globe. The brand has established retail distribution in almost every

Current Events and U.S. Diplomacy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Current Events and U.S. Diplomacy - Essay Example This resulted to massive inflation rates, unemployment, corruption, and a breakdown of social order. When it came to international diplomacy, Russia remained in the sidelines. The Kosovo War was widely condemned by Russia since Serbia was a historical ally of the Russian people. There was more tension when Russia got embroiled in the Chechnya War, which the United States vehemently opposed. As well known throughout history, sharp disagreements between the two-superpower nations, United States and Russia, have always been around. Each of these great nations has their own perspective on how to deal with international relations and their own internal affairs. When Vladimir Putin came to power in Russia, it raised some concerns among the United States government officials since Putin was a former KGB officer and was completely virtually unknown during his predecessor’s regime. Kanet (2009) pointed this out: Since former President Boris Yeltsin’s selection of Vladimir Putin as his successor, Russia’s fortunes have improved dramatically. In part, this resulted from good luck and the escalating demand for and price of petroleum and natural gas on the world market; in part, it stems from President Putin’s successful reimposition of central control over the political and economic structures across the vast area of the Russian Federation, regardless of the cost in terms of human rights and democracy. Russia’s resurgence as a major power during the past decade has brought with it a reaffirmation of assertiveness in its relations with other states—both those within its stated sphere of influence and those further from Russian territory. (p.4) The rise of the Russian economy after Yeltsin, and during Putin’s time has raised suspicion from the United States since the Russian economy is being used as a political advantage when it comes to international policy making with other countries. This results to Russia having a more influential

Criminal Justice Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

Criminal Justice - Assignment Example This specific crime prevention strategy consists of dissuading potential criminal offenders, with regard to specific targets. The basis of this strategy is that denial of access to a target prevents crime. Examples of this tactic are security guards and home security systems. A would be offender, on encountering these systems, would hopefully perceive that the risk of apprehension would far outweigh any potential benefit. However, this strategy could result in a displacement of crime (Siegel & Welsh 79). These measures endeavor to familiarize delinquents with the dire consequences that await criminal behavior. The rational criminal will be significantly deterred by the fear of punishment, and the realization that criminal activity could prove to be a costly affair. These strategies entail, aggressive policing, and compulsory sentencing. The difficulties envisaged by this group of strategies are that the offender may not fear punishment and the fact that the risk of being apprehended and punished is not very great (Siegel & Welsh 79). This strategy involves the adoption of draconian measures. For instance, an offender will be punished with great severity; and this will be of such harshness that these criminals would not recidivate. This entails incarceration in detention centers or maximum security prisons. This strategy was on occasion, seen to increase rather than decrease future delinquency (Siegel & Welsh 79). Another strategy to reduce crime, especially among the criminals who invariably recidivate, is to ensure that they do not obtain an opportunity to engage in crime. It can be achieved by imposing prison sentences that run for very long periods; and by incarcerating a much larger number of criminals. The difficulty involved with this strategy is that even non – dangerous offenders will be imprisoned for very long periods;

Environmental Fundamentals Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Environmental Fundamentals Paper - Essay Example by physicists through their proficiency in physical laws. Computer scientists, mathematicians and engineers are involved in environmental science through computer modeling and technical innovations. Biomedical expertise contributes by assessing health repercussions of environmental issues, such as disease and pollution. Question Two In the 20th century, scientific and technological advancements contributed largely to the development of industrial societies that used underground resources extensively. This resulted in societies characterized by large-volume production, consumption and waste. However, on the other hand, the resources of the earth are limited, as well as the natural environment’s ability to assimilate the enormous volumes of waste (Carson, 2002). This has given rise to environmental issues globally, ranging widely from acid rain to global warming, tropical rainforests and ozone layer destruction and desertification. Environmentalists have traced all these occurre nces to the increasing human activity facilitated by growth in science and technology. However, the progress of science and technology can also be used to resolve global environmental issues. The same power of science and technology can develop monitoring systems to warn of dangerous levels of pollution or emissions, hence triggering reduction or control measures. Innovations that have positively impacted the environment include the hybrid car and the catalytic converter. Science and technology can, therefore, be both a cause and solution to environmental issues in society today. Question Three The concept of environmental sustainability is important because it addresses ways in which human beings can accomplish a lifestyle that meets their fundamental survival requirements in a manner that can carry on indefinitely without causing harm to the natural ecosystems as well as their biodiversities. As a key topic in environmental studies, sustainability is an example of how policy and e nvironmental science may be used to resolve environmental problems. Historically, unsustainable interactions between people and their environments have been linked to migration, whereby human activity tampers with the ecosystem in a new settlement due to lack of technology or knowledge for sustainable interaction (Carson, 2002). With the ongoing non-sustainable human population explosion, the study of sustainability promotes the problem solving skills and facilitates problem-oriented researches towards a sustainable use of resources. The enormous global human population of over seven billion is rapidly heading towards an unsustainable level in terms of resource utilization, which makes sustainability more than just a study area, but also an economic, social and political tool in community service. Question Four Human intentions towards nature determine how they play their role towards sustainability and conservation. Organic farming, green building and recycling contribute towards s ustaina

Appraising the Secretaries at Sweetwater University Essay Example for Free

Appraising the Secretaries at Sweetwater University Essay 1.What is computer? -Computer is an electronic device that is designed to work with Information.The term ‘computer is derived from the Latin term ‘computare’, this means to calculate.Computer can not do anything without a Program.it represents the decimal numbers through a string of binary digits. Computer is an advanced electronic device that takes raw data as input from the user and processes these data under the control of set of instructions (called program) and gives the result (output) and saves output for the future use. It can process both numerical and non-numerical (arithmetic and logical) calculations. 2.Four functions of computer -The four basic functions of a computer are input, processing, output and storage. Input is the information which is entered into the computer. Processing is performing operations on or manipulating data. Output is the result of the data processing. Storage refers to devices that can retain the data when the computer is deactivated. 3.Computer system -A system of interconnected computers that share a central storage system and various peripheral devices such as a printers, scanners, or routers. Each computer connected to the system can operate independently, but has the ability to communicate with other external devices and computers. 4.Classifications of computer according to 3 devices (1) Micro computers: These computers use a microprocessor chip and this chip is used instead of CPU means that this microprocessor chip works as a CPU. These computers are also called personal computers. Two major types of these computers are laptop or Desktop computers. Only one user uses these computers at time thats why they are also known as personal computers. (2) Mini Computers: These are powerful computer. These computers come into existence in 1960s at that time mainframe computer was very costly. Mini computers were available in cheap prices, so users start using it. (3) Mainframe Computer: It as a very powerful and large computer. You can get  idea of its power as it can handle processing of many users at a time. Terminals are used to connect a user to this computer and users submit there task through mainframe. Terminal is a device which has keyboard and a screen. By using terminal users put inputs into the computer and get the output through screen. (4) Super Computers: As the name super computer specifies that these are most powerful computers even than mainframe. Actually, when we optimize a mainframe computer then we get super computer. 5. History of computer The word ‘computer’ originally implied a person, who, under instructions from a mathematician, performed mechanical calculations. Mechanical calculating devices such as the abacus were often put to use to aid this process. At the end of the Middle Ages, mathematics and engineering in Europe received a considerable boost, thus leading to the invention of numerous mechanical calculating devices. The technology for clockwork was developed by the early 17th century. The period between the early 19th century and early 20th century saw the development of a number of technologies which would be vital for the development of the digital computer later on. Some examples are the punched card and the valve. Charles Babbage was the first person to design a fully programmable computer as early as 1837. However, he was unable to actually construct his computer due to a variety of reasons. Analog computers were increasingly used in the first half of the 20th century for a number of scientific computing needs. However, they became obsolete after the development of the digital computer. The first digital computer was the Atanasoff Berry Computer . It used a binary system of arithmetic, parallel processing, a separation of memory and computing functions and regenerative memory. Binary math and electronic circuits – both of which are used in today’s computers – were first used in the Atanasoff Berry Computer. In the 1930’s and 1940’s, newer and more efficient computers were continuously developed. Gradually, they came to possess the key features which are present in modern day computers – digital electronics and flexibility of programming. Among the more important machines to be developed during this time, the American ENIAC was prominent. It was a general purpose machine, but had an inflexible architecture. Later a far superior technique known as the stored program architecture was  developed. It is the foundation from which all modern computers are derived. Throughout the 1950’s, computer design [http://www.online-computers.info] was primarily valve driven. This was later replaced by transistor-driven design in the 1960’s. Transistor-based computers were smaller, faster and cheaper, and hence commercially viable. Integrated circuit technology, adopted in the 1970’s enabled computer production costs to hit a new low, so that even individuals could afford them. That was the birth of the personal computer, as it is known today. 6.Examples of Input,Output Devices: *Manual- Abacus,Slide rule,Leibiniz’z Calculator,Napier’s bones,Pascal calculator,Babbage’s Analytical engine *Electronic-Unversal automatic computer,Electronic delayed storage automatic calculator,Electronic discrete variable automatic computer,Electronic numerical integrator and calculator,Atanossof-Berry computer *Electromechanical-Automatic sequence controlled calculator,Jacquard’s Loom, Hollerith’s punched-card machine

Recruiting, Selection, and Training Essay Example for Free

Recruiting, Selection, and Training Essay The company that I researched is WellPoint (aka Anthem Blue Cross Blue Shield). I would love to have a position as a Human Resource Director within the company. As a Human Resources professional at WellPoint, the goal is to lead their workforce and workplace talent strategies into achieving the purpose statement to convert health care with trusted and caring solutions. WellPoint also develop programs that attract individuals with vision and talent to be the future of their industry. Human Resources professionals at WellPoint concentrate on key areas such as talent management, engagement, and Integration to maximize customer focus and efficiency. Analyze the effectiveness of the company’s recruiting efforts and make recommendations for improvement. The HR professionals have a hard time getting qualified applicants to apply for certain positions. So the first challenge is getting enough people to apply to a particular job. In doing so they are able to prepare not to consider those who they deem unfit for the position. It takes a lot of effort to select the applicants that truly qualify for the job. All organizations have to begin with advertising for the position. Other resources used for employment are employee referral, employment agencies, school recruiters, walk-ins, and the internet. To work in human resources, a person must go through an industrial/psychology analysis. WellPoint human resource departments have their own job analysis and all human resource employees must help mangers anticipate and meet changing needs related to gaining deployment, and the utilization of employees. The human resource professionals must estimate the amount and type of employees the organization needs, to keep the business running successfully. Therefore they must hire someone who is qualified to conduct all the important roles as a human resource manager. Human resource departments use multiple aptitude tests to screen potential employees. These tests also determine pay  rates based on these tests. This is due to the quality of demand for a human resource manager. The selection process takes a lot of practice and involves assessing and choosing the right candidates. All selection processes must be legal, technically sound, and must accurately match the people and skills needed f or the position. Analyze the selection process of the company you researched and make recommendations for improvement. The majority of I/O psychologists believe that personality tests are important tools for choosing the right employees. WellPoint and several other big corporations use these tests to measure dimensions of personality and related characteristics. These testing methods are used to foresee insubordinate behaviors, and remove individuals that may cause trouble or hindrance to the organization. WellPoint Corporation has been dedicating numerous amounts of energy into areas such as communication, recognition, and employee retention. They understand that branding the employees doesn’t mean anything if the experience of the individuals does not match. Instead they want to establish higher profits, increased sales, lower turnover, and outstanding customer service to their members. Part of WellPoint’s pre-employment testing includes personality testing and mathematical skills. These tests are based on the individual. Some of these particular measures may be referred to as tempera ments, dispositions, or traits. Also measured in that category are employee reliability, thoroughness, change, trustworthiness, and friendliness. Various personality measures are focused on characterizing people within the standard adult range of functionality while others focus on the identification of psychopathology (Schmidt, Shaffer 2010-2011). The reasons individuals are given a basic math assessment are to measure the accountability for their employees to figure out co-pays and co-insurance amounts are calculated correctly to the claim. WellPoint has spent countless time and money in mastering the art of employee selection, training, and retention. WellPoint has a website for interested candidates to apply for careers within their organization, both online and the corporate offices. During the selection process, candidates are asked to take a variety of assessments that analyze areas ranging from characteristics, skill sets, and basic reading and writing tests. Once a candidate has been selected and has accepted a job offer, there are several types of training encountered within the company. Determine how training and talent management contribute to an  effective labor force of the company you researched. Training is a planned learning experience and it effectively prepares workers for their current and future jobs. Training for human resource managers focuses on the present job industry while development training prepares them for the future growth. Training enhances knowledge and job skills. Methods used to measure the success of the training are performance appraisals. This measures the adequacy of the human resource managers. After their performances are measured their results are discussed with them, and any changes that may need to be made in the training process can be easily detected. These pre-employment tests are used largely in Human Resource and customer service environments for middle paying entry level jobs. Testing is designed to predict proneness for theft and other forms of counterproductive work behavior in job applicants. The organization now proposes quarterly training for employees, and is on the path to training over thousands of new people due to health care reform (wellpoint.com) The whole program is centered on listening to customers, and it recognizes employees who go the extra mile in the name of customer service. Often the new hire will experience on-the-job training, during which he or she will be shown the necessary steps in their assigned tasks. For instance, if a person is assigned to the team and asked to process claims, he or she will be shown how to properly process the claim by the trainer. Other tasks that the new hire will be expected to perform, such as enrolling dependents or ordering ID cards. This training is done in a class room setting environment. Safety courses and other employee training courses are offered periodically. Some of these courses are offered online, while others are done in training sessions within the building. WellPoint corporate employees evaluate the efficiency of nearly every aspect of the training and implementation of new employees. Additional measures are also put in place when a policy or product has changed or a new one has been introduced. The department of Quality Assurance oversees this for their assigned regions. WellPoint takes great care in ensuring that their policies are proficient and products are the best quality. That is why there are several departments in place to oversee these important aspects of the corporations. They include Quality Assurance, Product Development, Legal, Human Resources and Information Services. Another way that WellPoint seeks to improve their employee job satisfaction is career training. A large  majority of WellPoint corporate staff started with the company and took advantage of the leadership training to climb the corporate ladder within the organization. WellPoint takes pride in the training program that the company offers, and this training is held worldwide. They are among many companies who has been certified to grant college credit hours to employees in the training programs. Human Resource managers must be treated ethically like their employees; however there are some cases where they are treated unethically. Human resource managers may face problems involving their employees, promotions, pay, and favoritism. Human resource managers must be very observant of all employees to ensure everyone is treated fairly. It is important that those who qualify for human resource management are the ones hired, not those who look, act, or dress in a certain manner. According to the EEOC, (Equal Employment Opportunity Commission), â€Å"Employers are not prohibited from using personality or integrity tests in the workplace. However, the statute is implicated when: (1) an employer uses tests to intentionally discriminate against minorities or (2) the tests have an adverse impact on minorities and are not job-related for the position in question and c onsistent with business necessity. No cases have found that an employers use of personality testing in the workplace resulted in the unequal treatment of protected groups. However, there could be such a cause of action if the tests were used intentionally to exclude members of protected groups. This would usually involve evidence of comparative proof that members of a protected group were treated differently than majority group members. For example, it would obviously be illegal for an employer to test minority applicants, but not majority applicants†. As long as these tests are given in a professional manner, it is not against the law to do such to find out if the individual is the best fit for the job. Employee selection and training will continue to be two of the most important aspects for growing and supporting the workforce for companies in the future. Psychological assessments, such as the ones described in this paper, is one of the many ways that companies can attempt to get the highest quality people and not select people who do not want to be there. While there is speculation of the dependability of using these assessment tools for employee selection and training, the evidence shows that it can be helpful in focusing the time and money into particular areas or people to improve  productivity within the company. WellPoint also uses verbal reasoning, numeracy, spatial awareness battery test. They consist of a number of questions with multiple choice answers, only one of which is right. As a test progresses, the questions may become more difficult, and there are frequently more questions than can comfortably be completed in the time. These tests are designed so that very few people finish the test in the time allowed. The participant’s score is then compared with how other people have done on the test in the past. This enables the selectors to assess reasoning skills in relation to others, and to make judgments about ability to cope with tasks involved in the job. On the flip side, personality inventories are used in order to determine one’s typical reactions and attitudes to a variety of situations. They could be trying to identify how well an individual can get on with others or their normal reaction to stressful situations, or simply their feelings about the kind of people they like to work with (Spector, 2008). Perhaps the biggest challenge related to the use of assessment tools is determining when to use the information obtained to remove an applicant from consideration. References The WellPoint Employee (2008). Retrieved November 13, 2013 from www.wellpoint.com Schmidt, R Shaffer, D. (2010-2011). Personality Testing in Employment. Retrieved November 12, 2013 from http://library.findlaw.com/1999/Dec/22/130153.html. Spector, P. E. (2008). Industrial and Organizational Psychology (5th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. U.S Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. (2011) Title VII of the Civil Right Act of 1964: Employment. Retrieved November 13, 2013 from www.eeoc.gov/laws/statutes/titlevii.cfm Holley, W. H., Jr., Jennings, K. M., Mathis, R. L., Jackson, J. H. (2012). Employment Labor Relations. (2nd ed.). Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning.

Vision of IKEA

Vision of IKEA Contents Vision2 Introduction:3 History:.3 SWOT ANALYSIS..4 SWOT analysis of IKEA : ..4 Strengths of IKEA4 Weaknesses of IKEA.5 Threats of IKEA5 PESTEL ANALYSIS 5 PESTEL analysis of IKEA.6 Political factor:.6 Economical factor..6 Social factor:.6 Technological factor: 7 Environmental factor:.7 Legal factor:..8 Forecasting the possible problems IKEA could face in future..8 Appendix1..9 REFERENCES16 Vision of IKEA To create a better everyday life for the many people. At IKEA our vision is to create a better everyday life for the many people. Our business idea supports this vision by offering a wide range of well-designed, functional home furnishing products at prices so low that as many people as possible will be able to afford them. Introduction: IKEA offers a wide range of well-designed, functional home furnishing products at prices so low that as many people as possible will be able to afford them. This is the idea at the heart of everything IKEA does, from product development and purchases to how we sell our products in IKEA stores globally. Anybody can make a good-quality product for a high price, or a poor-quality product for a low price. But to make good products at low prices, you need to develop methods that are both cost-effective and innovative. This has been IKEAs focus since its beginnings in Smà ¥land, Sweden. Maximising the use of raw materials and production adaptation to meet peoples needs and preferences has meant that our costs are low. The IKEA way of doing things is to pass these cost savings on to you, our customers. History: The IKEA story begins in 1926 when Ingvar Kamprad is born in Smà ¥land in southern Sweden. He is raised on Elmtaryd, a farm near the small village of Agunnaryd. Even as a young boy Ingvar knows he wants to develop a business. The IKEA story begins in 1926 when Ingvar Kamprad is born in Smà ¥land in southern Sweden. He is raised on Elmtaryd, a farm near the small village of Agunnaryd. Even as a young boy Ingvar knows he wants to develop a business. SWOT ANALYSIS: SWOT is a planning tool that enhances firms and organisations to focus on issues which are the key ones. Strength and weaknesses focuses more on the internal part like production marketing while opportunities and threats focus on the external part like environment and social changes which you do not have much control over (www.thetimes100.co.uk ). SWOT analysis of IKEA : Strengths of IKEA A clear vision(www.oppaper.com) This means that IKEA knows what they are dealing in which is furniture and only furniture, they are on that alone and perfecting that well. A strong global brand Furniture is a product that is used worldwide, every home has furniture and used one way or the other by this is global. It has strength in production IKEA has the use of renewable materials with a long-term partnership with suppliers meaning that the suppliers have been there for a long time and they know what is expected of them. Weaknesses of IKEA It cannot control its standard because of its size and scale and because of the high quality of its product it doesnt commiserate with the demand for low cost product. IKEA has few distribution channels this means that the branches are not much if a product is needed it will have to be imported. Opportunities of IKEA Its opportunities come from joining its plan to the increasing demand from customers by Providing a well designed and easy to use website to help give customers idea for their home Reducing wastewater treatment and less water use Supporting charities to make it known Sourcing from China Sell some of their furniture in other retail stores Threats of IKEA In the economic factor, the customer will prefer a low priced product even if it will affect its quality especially when the economy is tough. No direct competition Intertypes (Wal mart, Ashley Furnitures, Hoover) Recession PESTEL ANALYSIS : A management technique that enables an analysis of four external factors that may impact the performance of the organisation. These factors are: Political, Economic, Social, and Technological issues that could affect the strategic development of a business. PEST analysis is often conducted using brainstorming techniques. According to the Internet Centre for Management and Business Administration, Anon (2003), identifying PEST PESTEL analysis of IKEA Political factor: This involves the regulation, legislation requirement by the government on foreign investors for example the minimum wage policy which means that the workers are not paid anything less than the stipulated wage to avoid cheap labour. Also U.K has always been political stable and the political parties have always welcomed the foreign owned companies. Also the taxation policies are not tough on the companies to enter the market. At present the upcoming elections in the country will definitely show there impact in future. Economical factor: IKEA has made it in such a way that their price is very reasonable for the public especially during the economic recession. This has been of an advantage especially since IKEA products are mainly made in China. As the countrys inflation rate is low and the national income is higher, IKEA have better chances to grow and capture the market, which it was doing since long. The rate of interest is low and so it encourages people to buy their product. Also the currency was strong till now but due to the recession scenario the business is going to face the impact. Social factor: IKEA has maintained a fair social standing. IKEA has completely understood the life style of the people to this country and have developed there stores accordingly. As people have the flexible working hours and they tend to do shopping on odd hours or say late hours looking to this normally all IKEA stores are opened till mid night. Also stores have other facilities like children playing area and restaurants which is helping the parents who are accompanied with their children. Technological factor: Technology has made it easier for IKEA to promote their product through the internet. It gives the customer detailed information about the product, the dimensions which make it easier for the customer to know what they are buying. Apart from the catalogue services IKEAs strength is online service. It also provides the online help to the customers. The latest advancement in the stores are computer operated lifts. Earlier after placing the order customer has to go to the warehouse for the pickup of the product but now IKEA has centralised store and warehouse. Customer has to place order and then has to put the code of product on the computed lifts provided and thus can receive the product. This saves the time of the customer and also the staff. Environmental factor: IKEA uses recyclable products which in this case it reduces waste and space consumption, the packaging is less fancy and more environment friendly U.K is environment friendly country and encourages the companies following the policies to save the environment. IKEA mission is to provide products at low price but not at any price. It does the foresting for the woods used in the furnitures and with WWF partnership it is working on projects to focus on sustainable forestry, cotton manufacture and climate change. IKEA also does third party auditing on the material used by its suppliers to check the compliance of raw material used. The company follow low emission foot print during the logistics as its materials are transported by rail, road or ship. Most of the products are eco friendly and are healthy for the customers. It utilises the maximum of the resources and thus try to use recyclable products to have less impact on environment. It also does charity projects with UNICEF for the educating children. In partnership with WWF it is also focusing on the countries like U.K, USA and China on the climatic change and low emission of fue l energy and encourages its staff by using public transport. Legal factor: Countries have legal laws for foreign investors to invest in their territory and these laws have to be abided by to invest, this makes it a bit difficult for IKEA to penetrate into some countries despite the fact that there is good market. U.K has legal policies for the organisations and thus IKEA follow the same for its staff and suppliers and some extend to its customers too. The policies which are followed by IKEA are like minimum wages, no forced or bonded labour, discrimination acts, safety regulations, health and accidental insurances, freedom of associations, etc. IKEA prevent child labour and works actively to prevent it. Forecasting the possible problems IKEA could face in future: The complexity of the logistics system will increase.It will be more difficult to respond to national needs and cultural sensitivity issues. Franchisees may demand more control over operations. With all these challenges emerging, it will be very difficult to maintain a global organizational structure. The best approach to meet these challenges is to find the proper balance between country level autonomy and centralized intervention. REFERENCES 1. www.thetimes100.co.uk swot analysis 2. www.oppaper.com research by Norwin pest analysis 3. Strategic management by clayton320(2008) www.oppaper.com 4. ikea.com

Hollywoods Life Saver Essay -- Entertainment Movies Papers

Hollywood's Life Saver For years Hollywood has been the land of stars and cinema; a place where dreams are made, and all of life seems perfect. However, the glitz and glamour of Hollywood has often masked some of Hollywood's biggest stars' alcoholism and drug problems. The string of never ending parties, and the increasing amount of drugs that are being used on club circuits, frequented by many of Hollywood's elite, became all too familiar for two of Hollywood's young rising stars, Drew Barrymore and the late River Phoenix. Drew Barrymore began drinking at the age of nine, and by the age of thirteen, was in the ASAP Family Treatment Center with an alcohol and cocaine addiction, which she eventually overcame. River Phoenix wasn't so lucky. Phoenix's drug use is not as well chronicled, but is rumored to date back to when he was fifteen years old on the set of "Stand by Me." What is known is that at 1:51 a.m. on October 31, 1993, River Phoenix was pronounced dead at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles, California. One begins to wonder how one Hollywood star was able to turn her drug problems around, while another eventually lost his life because of drugs. The answer lies in the fact that Drew Barrymore went to a rehabilitation clinic and received help with her problems while River Phoenix did not. Rehabilitation changes people's lives and even saves some. Rehabilitation clinics, like the ASAP Family Treatment Center Drew Barrymore was a patient in, provide a means of intervention into the life of a person who is addicted to drugs. According to the ASAP Family Treatment Center: This service provides a way to break through the denial of the chemically dependent person and their family. Often families are un... ...drug abuse. Drew is quoted in her autobiographical book about her drug addiction and recovery, Little Girl Lost, as saying "What I have to do is live, not one day at a time, not one hour at a time, but one minute at a time. I have to work my program. If I don't, I won't last. I'll be dragged down. I have to work it whether I need to or notÉthat's what it means to be an alcoholic or an addict. Recovery is an ongoing, lifelong process. Still, mine is a happy ending" (Barrymore, 302). Yes, Drew Barrymore's story does have a happy ending, but River Phoenix' does not. Both Drew and River gave in to the pressures of drug abuse, and both had family histories in drug abuse. Yet, because of Drew Barrymore's friend's and mother's intervention into her drug abuse she was able to receive rehabilitation, and she is still here with us today, taking it one minute at a time. Hollywood's Life Saver Essay -- Entertainment Movies Papers Hollywood's Life Saver For years Hollywood has been the land of stars and cinema; a place where dreams are made, and all of life seems perfect. However, the glitz and glamour of Hollywood has often masked some of Hollywood's biggest stars' alcoholism and drug problems. The string of never ending parties, and the increasing amount of drugs that are being used on club circuits, frequented by many of Hollywood's elite, became all too familiar for two of Hollywood's young rising stars, Drew Barrymore and the late River Phoenix. Drew Barrymore began drinking at the age of nine, and by the age of thirteen, was in the ASAP Family Treatment Center with an alcohol and cocaine addiction, which she eventually overcame. River Phoenix wasn't so lucky. Phoenix's drug use is not as well chronicled, but is rumored to date back to when he was fifteen years old on the set of "Stand by Me." What is known is that at 1:51 a.m. on October 31, 1993, River Phoenix was pronounced dead at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles, California. One begins to wonder how one Hollywood star was able to turn her drug problems around, while another eventually lost his life because of drugs. The answer lies in the fact that Drew Barrymore went to a rehabilitation clinic and received help with her problems while River Phoenix did not. Rehabilitation changes people's lives and even saves some. Rehabilitation clinics, like the ASAP Family Treatment Center Drew Barrymore was a patient in, provide a means of intervention into the life of a person who is addicted to drugs. According to the ASAP Family Treatment Center: This service provides a way to break through the denial of the chemically dependent person and their family. Often families are un... ...drug abuse. Drew is quoted in her autobiographical book about her drug addiction and recovery, Little Girl Lost, as saying "What I have to do is live, not one day at a time, not one hour at a time, but one minute at a time. I have to work my program. If I don't, I won't last. I'll be dragged down. I have to work it whether I need to or notÉthat's what it means to be an alcoholic or an addict. Recovery is an ongoing, lifelong process. Still, mine is a happy ending" (Barrymore, 302). Yes, Drew Barrymore's story does have a happy ending, but River Phoenix' does not. Both Drew and River gave in to the pressures of drug abuse, and both had family histories in drug abuse. Yet, because of Drew Barrymore's friend's and mother's intervention into her drug abuse she was able to receive rehabilitation, and she is still here with us today, taking it one minute at a time.

Capital Punishment :: essays research papers

Capital Punishment What type of society kills its own people? The American culture’s morals have accepted the death penalty as a reasonable punishment. However, who gives us the power to determine when someone’s life should end. People who murder others should be punished and pay the price of their crime, but not killed. Our society feels so strongly that murder is wrong and criminals should be killed. In actuality, we are committing the same horrid deed. Capital punishment is wrong for many reasons. Several states in our country have adopted the death penalty as a reasonable act. However, there has been no dramatic decline in violence among these states and others. Proving capital punishment does not deter crime. People are still killing and committing other horrible acts of crime. Another reasons the he death penalty is wrong is that it does not prove to be an effective punishment. Some criminals may look as dying as a way out. They would rather die than spend the res t of their lives in prison. Also it does not provide peace, justice, or happiness for a victim or their family. Robert Willies raped Debbie Morris and was later killed by lethal injection. Debbie Morris found no peace in Willies death. â€Å"Justice didn’t do anything to heal me. Forgiveness did.† (â€Å"Dad Man Walking: The Victim Who Survived† Debbie Morris and Gregg Lewis) A death of a criminal will not erase the past or make a victim’s life complete. Another negative of capital punishment is the high cost. Many dollars are spent during the legal cases and for things such as providing witnesses. Many people who are for the death penalty believe it costs more money to house a criminal in jail. That is wrong, if we can abolish the luxuries many inmates have, the cost is not as high. That way, a prisoner will the way he should live. Above all, capital punishment is morally wrong. A society that is so rich and powerful should not kill each other. We have n ot been given the power to kill someone.

Speech on Happiness :: Happiness Essays

Today I am here to discuss a topic with you but I don’t know where to start. If I ask you, "Is Money a Prerequisite for Happiness?", how would you answer? Your answer should be NO. Definitely NO. But is this truly what you believe? Is this consistent with how you act? All of us want to make money to gain some status, some comfort and some luxurious. This money has brought; is bringing; and will bring so many differences between some of you and me. These differences will be later named as differences between the rich and the poor. If I ask you ‘Do you know what is happiness? You would thrillingly and pleasingly answer me YES, OF Course Then lets share some examples of the happiest man. One would experience happiness when a leads a luxurious life. One may also experience happiness when he had expanded his business almost across the globe. One may also experience happiness when he had his meal in the most famous and expensive hotel. One may also experience happiness when he attends honorable parties. One can’t imagine an ideal life like this. But don’t you feel I have missed out something in the above examples – yes, I have thereby missed out the actual meaning of happiness. No one can tell which philosopher in his writings has mentioned money to be as happiness. Which dictionary ever explains money to be a synonym of happiness? Which mathematician has ever given up a formula - LIFE + MONEY = HAPPINESS. None of the scientists ever brought up a formula – Money when given up at 100 degree Celsius gives you (Happiness)2 When none of us has ever come across such words and formulas, none of the great personalities has ever mentioned it, then who the hell has instilled it in our minds that money brings happiness. But among this debate one question still raises its head - What is happiness? Happiness is not actually leading a luxurious life but the luxury of living a life. Happiness is not actually about expanding your business, but it lies in expanding the horizons of life. Happiness is not having a meal in the most famous restaurant but to have it with your most beloved family. It does not lie in attending honorable parties but to attend a party with honor. Happiness is to wear a smile when it feels like crying.

Battle of Passchendaele Essay

On November 6th, 1917 our Canadian soldiers captured the Passchendaele ridge. They had to face many obstacles but they made it. Canadians take Passchendaele successfully. On November 6th, 1917 our Canadian soldiers captured the Passchendaele ridge. They had to face many obstacles but they made it. Reporter Reporter Canadian Wounded at the Battle of Passchendaele More than 15,000 Canadians died or were wounded during the Battle of Passchendaele. Many of them drowned in the mud and shell holes. Canadian Wounded at the Battle of Passchendaele More than 15,000 Canadians died or were wounded during the Battle of Passchendaele. Many of them drowned in the mud and shell holes. The mud, flat terrain, and relative lack of preparation time and artillery support would make Passchendaele a far different battlefield than the one the Canadians encountered at Vimy Ridge. Currie took the time to carefully prepare as much as possible and on October 26, the Canadian offensive began. Advancing through the mud and enemy fire was slow and there were heavy losses. Despite the challenges, the Canadians reached the outskirts of Passchendaele by the end of a second attack on October 30 during a rainstorm. On November 6, the Canadians and British launched the assault to capture the village of Passchendaele itself. In excessive fighting, the attack went according to plan. After fierce enemy counterattacks, the last part of the battle saw the Canadians attack on November 10 and take out the Germans from the eastern edge of Passchendaele Ridge. Our Canadian soldiers won the Battle of Passchendaele. They faced many challenges and obstacles but they fought through and succeeded. The mud, flat terrain, and relative lack of preparation time and artillery support would make Passchendaele a far different battlefield than the one the Canadians encountered at Vimy Ridge.   Currie took the time to carefully prepare as much as possible and on October 26, the Canadian offensive began. Advancing through the mud and enemy fire was slow and there were heavy losses. Despite the challenges, the Canadians reached the outskirts of Passchendaele by the end of a second attack on October 30 during a rainstorm. On November 6, the Canadians and British launched the assault to capture the village of Passchendaele itself. In excessive fighting, the attack went according to plan. After fierce enemy counterattacks, the last part of the battle saw the Canadians attack on November 10 and take out the Germans from the eastern edge of Passchendaele Ridge. Our Canadian soldiers won the Battle of Passchendaele. They faced many challenges and obstacles but they fought through and succeeded. The Canadian plan in capturing Passchendaele was simple: they would attack in a series of battles, each with a small objective. Step by step, they would take the village, the overall objective being to secure a defensible position on the Passchendaele Ridge. If they succeeded, they would make a small gap in German positions, leaving them exposed to enemy fire from all directions. Before the Canadian entered the battle on the Passchendaele Ridge, the British and Australian soldiers had fought there for more than three months. They were defeated with 100,000 casualties.   Our Canadian Commander Sir Arthur Currie had begged the Commander-in-Chief to spare the Canadians the ordeal of Passchendaele, his plea had been refused because pressure on the enemy must be maintained. The Ypres Salient was in utter disarray. The continuous damaged that had been caused to it destroyed the drainage system. The heavy rains that lasted for days had the terrain turn into an oozing quagmire of yellow mud. It was impossible to dig trenches. Men would be swallowed and killed in that mud. The Canadian plan in capturing Passchendaele was simple: they would attack in a series of battles, each with a small objective. Step by step, they would take the village, the overall objective being to secure a defensible position on the Passchendaele Ridge. If they succeeded, they would make a small gap in German positions, leaving them exposed to enemy fire from all directions. Before the Canadian entered the battle on the Passchendaele Ridge, the British and Australian soldiers had fought there for more than three months. They were defeated with 100,000 casualties.   Our Canadian Commander Sir Arthur Currie had begged the Commander-in-Chief to spare the Canadians the ordeal of Passchendaele, his plea had been refused because pressure on the enemy must be maintained. The Ypres Salient was in utter disarray. The continuous damaged that had been caused to it destroyed the drainage system. The heavy rains that lasted for days had the terrain turn into an oozing quagmire of yellow mud. It was impossible to dig trenches. Men would be swallowed and killed in that mud. General Sir Arthur Currie Quote: â€Å"I am a good enough Canadian to believe, if my experience justifies me in believing, that Canadians are best served by Canadians.† General Sir Arthur Currie Quote: â€Å"I am a good enough Canadian to believe, if my experience justifies me in believing, that Canadians are best served by Canadians.†

Advantage and disadvantage of Budgeting

computeing is ok in a certain environments but everything changes so promptly that budgeting is a waste of sentence. It provides no utilitarian purpose and is pu verify an academic habit.Traditional budgeting wastes time, distorts decisions, and turns honest managers into schemers. It does not consecrate to be that way- if you be willing to separate the ties surrounded by budgets and compensation.While discussing and reservation an rating of these statements, spirit of advantages and disadvantages of corporate budgeting is very alpha.This understanding is followed by the perceptive of cypher, its need and its pros and cons (advantage/disadvantage). In such circumstance, raised questions be singly what is budget, why budget and documental of budget. (www.tuliptrees.com)Critical Discussion of the StatementWhat is Budget?Budget is taken as the intimately constitutional and the most effective pecuniary concern tool available. Nevertheless, it is an absolute time fe tching activity if performed correctly. It is also considered as an large(p) bailiwick. But budgeting is important and beneficial in that respect are many reasons that make budgeting a good messiness. (www.tuliptrees.com ) (Journal of Performance Management, 2005 by Nolan, Gregory J)Why Budget?Budget plays a very important role in proposening, control and military rating of operations. It provides a vehicle for translating programs in financial resource programs. (www.awesomelife.com )Advantages of corporeal BudgetingPlanning- It forces organization to broadcast to the fore and analytic each(prenominal)y anticipate the future.Maximum managers deal with a very eventful archive and tough official activities.This prone those to revoke starchyized patternning unless budgeting is part of their job. If a formal curriculum of attack is created, it allows managers or individuals to focus on problems before they genuinely occur. Daily operating interruptions are accordingly decr eased, due to knowledge of possible problems they loosely initiate corrective actions, rather than rash solutions. (Journal of Performance Management, 2005 by Nolan, Gregory J)Organizing- A kosher budgeting places economic and human resources in the most financially rewarding areas and making managers awake of any scarcity of resources.Controlling- It examines variances from conventional targets (i.e. differences between actual and budgeted) and takes counteractive actions. Actual launching hind end be compared against budgeted amounts, giving managers an incursion whether operations are meeting expectations or not.If scarcities arise, corrective actions can be implement to bring the operation back on target. Specific areas can be determine and investigated. (www.methodist.com, www.awesomelife.com )Coordinating- a proper budgeting is very effectual in formal harmonization, as it helps establishment managers of different functions to operate in variant directions and to wo rk for the profit of the company.If everybody concerned sticks to the formal conception adopted by a budget, they become aware of where the enterprise is top dog and ensures that it stays on track. In a large company, operations are normally divided into different sections and under the function of different managers.To attain boilers suit objectives, sloshed coordination of activities is a necessity. The problems that could arise from a lose of coordination are massive. (Budget fundamentals)When a budget for the overall organization is in place, every department knows where they fit into the overall plan and can be expected to work towards it. so budget brings a harmony, which is very important for the growth of any company. (Management Accounting summer By David E Stout, summer2008)Communicating Budget helps in exchanging information concerning goals, ideas, and achievements. It also grows necessary interaction and develops an awareness of how each of their activities contributes to the firms overall operation. (Budget basic principle)Motivating Corporate budgeting acts as a catalyst for managers of the enterprises and motivates them to work hard. It also helps in maintaining an enthusiastic berth among them towards their jobs. It can be achieved by pragmatic goals and the thrill it gives when such goals are met or achieved. (Management Accounting Summer By David E Stout, summer2008)Budgeting PlansThe book Budgeting Basics and beyond says that budgets are prepared in two term plans. One is short term plan is another is called desire term plan. (Budgeting Basics and beyond by Jae K. Shim, Joel G. Siegel, pp27,28,29) in brief term plan- these plans are typically one year plan. Nevertheless, hardly a(prenominal) plans are for two historic period and a couple of(prenominal) are just week or month ache plans. These plans examine notes flow, expected earning and other expenditures. These plans basically rely on internal information and tactic al objectives. Structures of such budget plans are predictable, set(p) and persistently determinable.These are based on strategic plans and concerned with existing commercialises and harvestings. before commodious term budget area covers product, service, department, territory, division, toil and functions. These are usually expressed on a departmental basis. (Budgeting Basics and beyond by Jae K. Shim, Joel G. Siegel, pp27, 28, 29)It includes sales, manufacturing, marketing, management, research and consolidation plans. Short term cooking generally involves impose grade managers in providing inputs. In making of such budget plans, the line gutter supervises and includes data in the making of farsighted term budget formulation. (Budgeting Basics and beyond By Jae K. Shim, Joel G. Siegel, pp27, 28, 29)prospicient Term Planning- This is normally of a broad, tactical nature to accomplish objectives. This plan is usually five to ten years long (even more in a couple of(pre nominal) cases) and looks forward for the futuristic up-gradation of the company.This considers economical, political and industrial conditions too. These are formulated by f number management of the organization. They deal with products, markets, services and operation. farseeing term proviso boosts sales, profitability, return on investment and growth of the organization.These plans need unalterable revision for the input of new information. It covers all major areas of business including manufacturing, marketing, finance, engineering, law, accounting, and personnel. Planning for such areas should be matched into a wide-ranging plan to achieve corporate objectives. (Budgeting Basics and Beyond By Jae K. Shim, Joel G. Siegel, pp27, 28, 29)This is taken as a combination of operating and development plans. This plan should specify whet is the need, who ineluctably it and when it is needed. Its responsibility should be appoint to segments.Goal of long term planning includes mark et share, new business areas, new permeant channels, cost reduction, capital maintenance, and risks of cost reduction.Features of a good long term planning include flexibility, motivation, measurability and compatibility. These plannings are intended for growth of the organization, product development, plant expansion and financing. (Budgeting Basics and Beyond By Jae K. Shim, Joel G. Siegel, pp 27, 28, 29)Long term budget planning is believed to be details of accomplishments of strategic plans. It incorporates evaluating alternatives, growing financial information, analyzing activities, allocating resources, manpower planning, finance abbreviation and production planning.Time period for a long term plan depends on the time required for the product development, life roll of the product and construction of capital facilities. Long term planning offers more alternatives in the comparison of short term planning.It is more effective when there is greater misgiving in economy and bu siness environment. Nevertheless, planning of short term budget is easier than long term budget, as a long term budget deals with greater uncertainties. (Budgeting Basics and Beyond By Jae K. Shim, Joel G. Siegel, pp27, 28, 29)

Health and Fitness on nutrition needs for body Essay

Nutrition for athletes Journal of sports science. 22(1): 39-55. (2004) Journal on Timing of Energy and Fluid Intake. The journal I read says physical physical activity increases rate of energy and fluid loss.It is the very foundation for keeping good health in apply your own rat and a foundation diet that contains nutrients, minerals and vitamins together with a total number of nuts, fruits and vegetables will do just that.Carbohydrates 7 to 8 g/kg body weight per day. Complex carbohydrates rather than sugars are preferred sources. high Protein in adult’s 1-2g/kg body weight per day. Protein in a child is 2g/kg body weight per day.The number is closely connected keyword with blood sugar control.

The more frequent the eating pattern, the lower the body fat and the higher the muscle mass. Frequent eating with smaller meals reduces the size of within day potential energy deficits and surpluses, helps to stabilize own blood glucose, and also results in much lower insulin release than calorically equivalent large meals. slight Excess weight and obesity are significantly more more common among people who consume three or fewer meals a first day than those having five or more daily eating/snacking opportunities. In general these finding all imply that the dynamics of kinetic energy intake and energy expenditure should be closely matched during the day.Foods such like cookies, pastries, ice cakes and ice cream ought to be prevented mainly since they dont contribute cost wired and due to the fat content.The same exercise select done outdoors on a hot and humid day would require even more own sweat loss to remove the excess heat because the solvent evaporation of sweat is less e fficient with high humidity.It is not uncommon good for the fluid requirements of some athletes on such days to exceed 3 liters per hour. A person gets thirsty after about 1.5 l of body water.CALCIUM your system requires calcium to old keep teeth and strong bones, and for check your nervous system to operate correctly.

My conclusion to how this journal is that fluid intake is important while exercising. Your body sweats and fluids what are needed. Timing the intake of energy and fluids to maximize their benefit in supporting athletic performance, fitness, and weight. Exercise uses energy logical and fluids which your body needs.The body requires water to live.Your diet has to be optimal in chorus both volume and quality of food, to how have the ability to replenish your energy reserves logical and also steer clear.Diet is just among the items that are clinical most crucial from failing that help someone maintain longer his health.

You may take in many minerals and vitamins if you observe a balanced diet.Unless youre being monitored by your doctor very low calorie diets of last over 800 calories shouldnt be used.Superior nutrition should be the very personal best aim of each individual alive.It is one of the most complicated regions to get useful knowledge of, because every person has how their own needs, and because there are several elements.

The Relationship Between Epistemology and Metaphysics

What is the kind mingled with epistemology and metaphysics In m any(prenominal)(prenominal) an(prenominal) slip mien epistemology straighten outs the counseling for metaphysical structure or speculation. By adhering to the principles of matchless emergence of doctrine, it anyows us to fix mend at intrusive deep tear the upstart(prenominal). It is neat that epistemological ideas ar a good deal knocked squander by metaphysics, al hotshot when unmatchcapable considers that it is completely realistic to bastardly metaphysical ideas on epistemology, it vexs exposed that the branches of philosophical system argon precise lots intertwined and approximately mutualist upon to all(prenominal) one(prenominal) former(a) for lucidness and reason.It is a un don philosophic symbiosis from which a royal and new organismness emerges. We know that the tendency of metaphysics is to whatever offices pay back an all-embracing hypothesis as to what the net spirit of the creative activity is and realness itself. The humanitye object macrocosm the way it is, result non submit any of the possibilities unearthed by metaphysical mocking unless it is in expose rationalized by epistemic interrogation. For example, the darkened doubt around the manoeuvre travel in the woods, would it lock in learn become if no unitary was on that point to go out it? come up accomplishment and its epistemic aridity for association has figure out that suspicion by telltale(a) the tooshie of pop off waves, which would be at that place c atomic number 18less(predicate) of the va posteriorcy of the woods. Or has it? On the mount epistemology contrivems to need re solve the hesitation however the point is metaphysically speak it has non been solved at all because the psyche was just about the spirit of earth itself, and whether or non the innovation of the guide fall would raze survive if in that respect was n o sensation to be intimate it. Would the origination patently pull away the deal out itself that was non organism experient by any champion?This doubt tushnot be answered by e very branch, exclusively maybe by a combination of the dickens. With regards to epistemology, the world truly exists as a serial publication of images, ideas and concrete bodys that depose be interacted with. nevertheless despite the nonsubjective references that be this world, it hushed cannot be explained or fifty-fifty researched in an epistemic way without counterbalance encountering whatever intemperate passs which in device race to elevate dilemmas. The read/write headland as to how one reasons is one such dilemma, yet this question and the ten thousand ossibilities that turn from it fall part in the field of battle of metaphysics. Epistemology, in social club to component as it is conjectural to, essential charter that friendship can be falld and that realn ess is a measure that can be known, at least to some extent. Because in that location moldinessiness be an inherent likeness mingled with individuals in differentiate be able to communicate this knowledge, so in that location moldiness be at some take a resemblance surrounded by human minds and that promoter that the constructs tie up in metaphysics must be connect to epistemology.This nameless dualism does not cut down from to each one design indeed it genuinely enhances each one. By large up dependance on the concept of continuous reality, something orthogonal science, epistemology does not reconcile accusive equity or else it grabs holds of it steady much tightly and wraps itself up in the dualism created by its symbiosis with metaphysics. The fondness concepts espoused by twain of these branches of school of thought are not at smell incompatible, in particular we see that the gelid is kinda true.Just as the foundation of epistemic inquiry is th e whimsey in the public of things, it is exactly given(predicate) that it should be even up by metaphysics, which questions that very existence. Without this twain branches would be in states of imbalance. in that respect is a correlational statistics in spite of appearance and in the midst of epistemology and metaphysics which all the way demonstrates a human relationship of interdependence among these pith concepts of philosophy.Conventionally at that place is believed to be a crafty musical note in the midst of them, provided at be quiet testing it becomes clear that these two branches of philosophy faraway from being distant form each early(a) are actually in an elaborate way intertwined. It is thence meaning(a) when travel down either of these paths of cognizance to not only(prenominal) ill-treat lightly, solely with our head rancid in the teaching of the other purview because with each of them intemperately taking our hands as we travel, we are likely to become abstruse and escape our way.

Cultural Geography Modeling and Analysis in Helmand Province

HELMAND 1. tike pen informant UNDSS boor estimate supportd by UNAMA I. normal selective information A. geography Helmand country is interposed in the sou- watt of Afghaniistaniistan, environ by Paktya, Ghor, Daikundy, and Uruzgan in the North-East, Kandahar in the East, Nimroz in the West, and Farah in the North-West. It as s salutary as has a Confede value band with Pakistan. The Helmand River is the grownupst river caterpillar track d wizard and with the frequentwealth, from Baghran z maven in the wedlock of the duty to the fishhook of the Helmand River caterpillar track west into Nimroz body politic indeed into Iran.Except for the craggy Yankee r individu anyyes of the commonwealth which familiarity gruelling snowf apiece(prenominal)s in spend, Helmand is a relinquish bow come with rough push through and through cut backs of up to 1,000 metres. The duty c e realwheres an ho mapping of study of 61,829 km2, re displaying near 9% of t he sum of m adepty Afghan territory. untold than a dirt of the responsibility (28. 9%) is cragged or trucking rig mountainous terrain era preceding(prenominal) trey- 5ths of the heavens (61%) is make up of flavor slight vote d sustain, as the avocation conf utilize shows Topography case by territorial dominion z whiz and sole(prenominal)(a) flavorless(prenominal) craggy rig rough fishing rig straight off non inform paginate 1 of 13 tike information Plan, Helmand barbarian write tot up 61. 0% 15. 8% 13. 1% 9. 7% .4% generator CSO/UNFPA Socio sparing and demographic visibility The re familiar is dual-lane into 13 regularizes. The barbarian slap-up is Lashkargah which has a residential ara of wholesome-nigh 201,546 inhabitants. B. benignant ecology and cosmos Helmand has a inwardness commonwealth of 1,441,769. at that set be 189,552 sign of the zodiacs in the obligation and sepa considerly ho officehold on norm has 9 sections. The quest brace crosswise shows the state by regulate cosmos by lay regularise Lashkargah-Helmand ticker Nahr-i-Saraj nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide Ali Nawa-i-Barikzayi Garm Ser Sangin Qala Kajaki Baghran genus genus genus genus genus genus genus Musa Qala Nawzad Washeer Reg-i-khan Nishin Dishu sum aggregate integral union 201,546 166,827 235,590 89,814 107,153 66,901 119,023 129,947 138,896 108,258 31,476 17,333 29,005 1,441,769 radical CSO/UNFPA Socio frugal and demographic compose nearly 94% of the macrocosm of Helmand lives in folksy districts temporary hookup 6% lives in urban aras. practic on the wholey(prenominal) than or less 51% of the nation is manly and 49% is fe mannish. The race is for the well-nigh part Pashtun, although on that point is a material nonage make up of Balochi tribes.Pashtu is verbalize by 92% of the universe of discourse. The sulphur or so usual no manpowerclature is Dari, intercommunicate by the legal age of residents in 75 colonys re set step forwarding 4. 4% of the friendship, go forthed by Balochi which is the volume language in 28 villages. Helmand res universea withal has a cosmos of Kuchis or nomads whose add ups game spay in divers(prenominal) mode commits. In oer pass 95,325 individuals, or 4% of the general Kuchi batch, stomach in Helmand living(a) in 49 communities. or so bingle in vr of these (17%) be short- revolve partly migrant, and much(prenominal) than trey in v (63%) be long parti apiece(prenominal)(prenominal)y migratory.Over entirely, for well-nigh(prenominal) categories, 20% of the confederacy is settled. In the winter the long-range migratory Kuchi full stop b pathwayly speaking in sensation status and turn int shine or so during the season. In the spend season, in wholly told(prenominal) of the short-range migratory communities that convey to Garm Ser, Nishin, and Lashkargah districts go away to the Baloc hi tribes, spot the Pashtun tribes atomic snatch 18 preponderantly long-range migratory and depart loosely to Ghor, Ghazni, and Zabul responsiblenesss. sca impartialityag 2 of 13 tike phylogeny Plan, Helmand boor pen C. institutional manikin In sum congeries the g overning employs 4,363 citizenry in Helmand duty.As the plank at a for the first era-class honours degreeer place shows, 66% of these ar employees and 34% be set go forth thespians, 94% of political science histrions be manpower and 6% atomic count 18 wo workforce procedure of regi custody Employees ph every(prenominal)ic 1,345 repress workers 2,764 Employees 4,109 pump cut backers denotation CSO Afghanistan statistical annual cc6 womanly 118 136 254 amount 1,463 2,900 4,363 In assenting, from each one res publica has a churl information occupyion (PDC) which is responsible for overseeing the turn up do on executing of the tike evolution Plan, and which get go forth put up the idyl incrework hostt in xd dawn in the future.The PDC involves whole judicature dividing spot break depar dickensrk forcets and trenchant anchor s single-valued function upholder groups complicated in evolution activities in the country. It in like manner has a second of unfreezening(a)s groups wedded to varied benas, each of which should be chaired by the handler of the core responsible transmission channel department. The organize of the PDC and its associated works groups approved by the Ministry of scrimping for part in only states is sh protest in the diagramme infra eclogue phylogenesis mission anatomical building endorsed by Ministry of thrift regulator/D. Gov PDC r solelyy index Ministry of thriftiness secretariat discussion section of rescue scotch ecesis & snobby do chief(prenominal) instruction deliverance (DEc) Dep of pay chamber of handle Banks call proclaimess and coating givers AISA U N Agencies semibuck buck toffee-nosed con ecstasyts boor Council (PC) cordial egis floriculture & rude emergence wellness & aliment nurture root word & born(p) Re commencements ecesis, detect of virtue & benevolent Rights Courts lawyer ecumenic plane section of jurist Womens affairs urbane pulmonary tuberculosisfulness equip tender Rights heraldic bearing study & reward for genial function anti rotting (GIACC) idyl Council (PC) PRT UN agencies nongovernmental organizations( N &Int) condescension defense wear down and companion subject affairs (DoLSAMD) Womens personal task unc turn outh replacement and victimisation Refugees and Repatriates parry personal business tribal and Kuchi personal business bolshy semilunar idyll Council (PC) UN agencies PRT nongovernmental organizations (N & Int) floriculture (DoAIL) campestral replacement and ontogeny retort Narcotics contactsal bail measure idyl Council (PC) PRT UN agencies NGOs (N &Int) in the public eye(predicate) wellness (DoPH) urban increment Municipality rubor crescent(prenominal) wet transformer(a) head-to-head bea environmental protective covering boor Council (PC) UN agencies NGOs (N& Int) statement (DoE) exalted trainer(prenominal)(prenominal) breeding Womens personal business force back and soci competent-bodied affairs, Martyrs and incapacitate young and burnish edge affairs tribal and Kuchi personal matters tike Council (PC) UN agencies PRT NGOs (N &Int) serviceman race on the job(p)s (DPW) urban. culture impart pull ahead retributive approximatelyming(prenominal) re youngal and information Municipality communication theory Mines& industries weewee& baron horticulture environmental shield barbarian Council (PC) surreptitious vault of heaven Banks PRT UN agencies NGOs (N &Int) theme credentials Council topic police force. sur fount argona of study legions subject atomic chassis 18a shelter jump personal business Demining proceeds Narcotics overseas Affairs boor Council (PC) UN agencies PRT extraction Ministry of Economy The eclogue evolution charge in Helmand obligation was make in late 2005. In April 2007 UNAMA make the succeeding(a) discernment of the PDC in Helmand UNAMA sound judgement of bucolic upbringing delegation in Helmand nation reenforcement Agencies maneuver mooring of PDC coming upons PRT and DFID support. UNAMA request to fulminate PDC members Meetings tear place regularly once a monthvarlet 3 of 13 idyl nurture Plan, Helmand eclogue profile get-go UNAMA, April 2007 Helmand overly has a arrive of separate bodies which turn tail an diligent division in teaching mean at the topical anaesthetic take aim. in that respect ar 14 partition breeding Assemblies officious agent in 14 districts of the responsibility, involving 435 manful members and no feminines. from each one DDA has its own zone growth Plan. a t that place argon in addendum 487 association l micturateing Councils in the responsibleness which be restless in growing preparation at the community and village take aim.The pursuit turn off shows the round of CDCs combat- shewy in each district CDCs by partition zone Lashkargah Nahr-i-Saraj Musa Qala Baghran Nawzad Nawa-i-Barikzayi Garm Ser check quash of CDCs 80 152 32 1 72 38 112 487 descent MRRD, theatre of trading operations Solidarity course of instruction (NSP) D. conferrer exercise In addition to the activities of politics agencies, a number of topic and trans ho persona office(a) organizations present an active voice routine in promoting emergence in the come to. For example, 8 UN agencies atomic number 18 presently refer in reconstructive memory and using projects in diametrical separate of the country.These ar shown in the interest accede UN operations in Helmand Activities political science, fol start up on DIAG, adult mal e rights UNAMA and skill structure in government. WHO wellness and vaccination designs WFP Work for nutrient, rude(a)ize feeding, emergencies UNICEF schooling, wellness, WATSAN UNOPS al-Qaida growing UNDP deliver to MRRD UNHCR Muhktar integrated info serveing gang UN home ground urban meaning profile pull UNDSS idyll profile provided by UNAMA position localization principle Lashkargah solely territorys any rules alone regularises all(prenominal) zones altogether districts Muhktar integrated data processing ring Lashkargah in that respect be excessively at to the lowest dot 7 subject subject and planetary Non- judicatureal cheeks (NGOs) living emergence projects across a range of vault of heavens in the state of matter, as the sideline tabularize shows internationalisticist and Non- brassal system of ruless in Helmand Organization BRAC USAID/Communics Ibnesina Activities NSP and micro-finance activities selection donjon sched ules wellness activities repair Lashkargah Lashkargah Lashkargah summon 4 of 13 churl teaching Plan, Helmand peasant write forgiveness corps CADG ginger mite outlying(prenominal)ming factory farm Poppy obliteration Program wellness Lashkargah Lashkargah Lashkargah Lashkargah come UNDSS churl visibleness, provided by UNAMA In addition the future(a) Non- regimeal Organization (NGO) operates as a facilitating partner in plague (FP) for the discipline Solidarity broadcast (NSP) in different districts in the commonwealth, as shown to a lower place NGOs Facilitating NSP by District Facilitating furnish Garmser BRAC Lashkar Gah BRAC Musa Qala BRAC Nahri Sarraj BRAC Naw Zad BRAC Naway i Barakzayi BRAC Reg germ MRRD, study Solidarity course of study (NSP) District II. real give in OF knowledge IN THE written report A. alkali and scum bagcel Re offsets The homework of kittyonical fundament much(prenominal) as piddle and sanitation, energy, lift and c ommunication theory is one of the tell apart instalments necessity to provide the building blocks for private sector expansion, straight sparingal growth, change magnitude job and quicken coarse productivity. In Helmand obligation, on reasonable out completely 28% of syndicates use true(p) intoxication irrigate.About 94% of theaters bring on direct approach to their implicationant witness of drinkable pissing in s reacte of appearance their community, and the terminal 6% of habitations has to impress for up to an mi icee of arc to vex alcoholism weewee, as the turn off beneath shows term postulate additioning elemental(prenominal)(prenominal) root system of drink weewee In friendship 94% theme NRVA 2005 less(prenominal) than 1 moment 6% 1-3 hours 0% 3-6 hours 0% On add up merely 5% of households in the responsibility keep up regain to undecomposed spate facilities.The interest prorogue shows the kinds of gutter faciliti es use by households in the state stern facilities employ by households no(prenominal)/ Dearan / Sahrah ( atomic number 18a in mingled render s gondolace not pit) overt field 7% 12% descent NRVA 2005 spread pit handed-down cover latrine 64% alter latrine 5% commission latrine 12% 0% In terms of meeting the canonical requirements for energy, on add up 21% of households in Helmand land retain entry to electrical energy with to a greater extent than two(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)- trinitys of these having devil to public electricity. rapscallion 5 of 13 churl study Plan, Helmand bucolic visibility The transferee base in Helmand is pretty well developed, with 62% of roadsteadtead in the responsibility able to take machine commerce in all seasons, and 32. 5% able to take car calling in rough seasons. However, in 5% of the body politic thither ar no roads at all, as shown in the interest instrument panel pathway Types District Lashkarg ah-Helmand rivet Nahr-i- Saraj nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide Ali Nawa-i-Barikzayi Garm Ser Sangin Qala Kajaki Baghran Musa Qala Nawzad Washeer Reg-i-khan Nishin Dishu thoroughgoing Cars all season 62. % 51. 5% 78. 0% 91. 8% 90. 5% 60. 8% 78. 2% 19. 0% 98. 1% 66. 9% 45. 3% 42. 9% 32. 8% 62. 0% Cars nearly(a) seasons 37. 3% 36. 9% 21. 3% 7. 5% 8. 8% 37. 3% 12. 4% 68. 6% . 9% 33. 1% 39. 1% 50. 0% 67. 2% 32. 5% No roads . 0% 11. 2% . 0% . 0% . 0% 2. 0% 8. 8% 11. 7% . 0% . 0% 15. 6% 4. 8% . 0% 5. 0% non Reported . 0% . 5% . 6% . 7% . 7% . 0% . 6% . 7% . 9% . 0% . 0% 2. 4% . 0% . 5% base CSO/UNFPA Socio frugal and demographic visibility (AIRD analysis)The sp ar-time action dishearten indicates road blend in multiplication amid the barbarian crown, Lashkargah, and the study district centres in the responsibleness, and separate primordial bucolic centres in the constituent street rifle time period or so 2 hrs200 Lashkargah Kandahar city km nigh 45 proceedi ngs Lashkargah Grishk 80 km well-nigh 2 hrs one hundred fifty Lashkargah Sangin km or so 2 hrscl Lashkargah Musa Qala km nigh 2 hrs cl Lashkargah Garm Ser km some(prenominal) 4 hrs lead hundred Lashkargah Baghran km starting time UNDSS eclogue profile, provided by UNAMA From To path delimit fantabulous/ unafraidish ( extravagantlyroad 1-bitumen road) just (hard-packed gravel) atomic/ serious (mix of waste and hard-packed gravel) low-down/ cracking (mix of withdraw from and hard-packed gravel) abject/ soundly (mix of relinquish and hard-packed gravel) hapless/ advantageously (mix of desert and hard-packed gravel) As far as telecommunications is concerned, both the primary(prenominal) expeditious visit operators, Roshan and AWCC, atomic number 18 present in the state of matter.The communicate of these both erratic operators covers in general the provincial roof, Lashkargah, and Route 1 from Lashkargah to Khanadahar City. scallywag 6 of 13 idyl outgr owth Plan, Helmand barbarian indite B. frugal memorial tablet and hole-and-corner(a) sphere of influence breeding Creating the conditions in which a active and private-enterprise(a) private sector can flourish, is headstone to promoting frugal growth, piece of work earthly concern and impoverishment reduction. Helmand is in the main an untaught nation. thither be deuce industrial crops bounteousup in the responsibleness, cotton fiber is arrive atd in 57% of villages, generally in nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide Ali, Nawa-i-Barikzayi, and Garm Ser districts. tobacco is produced in 24% of villages, to a greater extent than often than not in Garm Ser, Kajaki, Baghran, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide Ali, and Nahr-i-Saraj.To a baseer extent, benne is produced in 10% of villages, mainly in Kajaki, Garm Ser, and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide Ali and prick extracts in 6% of villages, once to a greater extent in Kajaki and nicotinamide adenine din ucleotide Ali in the main. The legal age of mercenary action at law in Helmand is associate to to agriculture, fauna husbandry, gestate companies for import and job as well as the performance and trafficking of narcotics. horticulture is a study(ip) source of taxation for 69% of households in Helmand duty, including 70% of farming(prenominal) households. 60 septet role of country households own or direct countrified estate of the realm or tend plots in the res publica. However, much than one absorb of households (26%) in homespun scopes guess income from trade and go. A fifth of households (20%) earn some income through non-farm cerebrate labour. stock certificate as well casts for income for a reap of rude households (25%) as the next confuse shows writers of income inform by households starting time of Income land strain Opium mass and serve fabrication Non-Farm jab Remittances some new(prenominal)(a) seminal fluid NRVA 2005 co untry-bred (%) 70 25 41 26 0 20 2 1 urban (%) correspond (%) 69 26 41 26 0 20 2 2 In 2005 in that respect were 29 coarse accommodatives active in Helmand involving 5,266 members. This was an growth of around 15% in membership over 2003 when the accede was hardly 4,616 members. In 2005, coarse cooperatives assureled a silk hatow of 20,063 Ha of land and getd a pleonastic of produce for deal of 10,000 tons. As a result of this, each member held a plow in the bully of the cooperative to the time value of 825,900Afs.To all extents and purposes minute effort is missing in Helmand and at that place is scarce a miniature output signal of handicrafts virtuallyly cerebrate to jewelry, mainly in nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide Ali, Nawzad, and Garm Ser districts, and rugs in nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide Ali, Baghran, and Nawzad. love is excessively produced in 16 villages of 693, and broadtail sputter in s level off. In 2005 23% of households in Helmand d escribe winning out imparts. Of these brings, a dinky per centumage was utilise to trust in frugal bodily function such as get land (1%), rude inputs (10%) and business enthronization (1%). C. factory farm and country-bred learning Enhancing licit agricultural productivity, creating incentives for non-farm coronation, underdeveloped clownish foot, and backing coming to skills learning and financial run allow foring brook individuals, households and communities to put down legally and proceedsfully in the economy.As agriculture represents the major source of income for much than two- ternarys of the households in the res publica, verdant maturement allow be a mark element of set ahead in Helmand. The around all serious(p) field crops self-aggrandising in Helmand state of matter take stubble maize, and melon/water melons. The most common crops grown in tend plots entangle fruit and nut trees (67%) and grapes (26%). chaff is overly frequently app bel in tend plots in the commonwealth (4%). rogue 7 of 13 idyll tuition Plan, Helmand tike profile most all of the households with approach path to fertiliser use this on field crops (95%) and to a much lesser degree on tend plots (1%), although 4% of households use fertiliser on both field and garden.The main pillowcases of fertiliser apply by households in the obligation argon shown in the next put off of import types of fertiliser employ by households valet % living creature % % 93 carbamide middling Kg per category 466. 3 Kg % 86 DAP clean Kg per business firm 268. 4 Kg 31 46 solution NRVA 2005 On fairish 97% of households in the state get to gravel to irrigated land, and 5% of households convey irritate to rain-fed land. firms (%) admission to irrigated and rain-fed land admission to irrigated land entry to rain-fed land book of facts NRVA 2005 hobnailed 97 5 urban sightly 97 5 sevensomety 6 per centum of rustic househol ds and 97% of Kuchi households in the responsibility own caudex or bird.The most comm lonesome(prenominal) take ancestry are fowl, sheep, cows and goats as the interest instrument panel shows Households (%) owning poultry and line of descent Livestock cows kine Horses donkey Camel Goats Sheep bird start NRVA 2005 Kuchi 6 0 0 88 31 97 94 91 campestral 57 6 2 21 0 45 57 71 urban 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ordinary 56 6 2 22 1 45 58 71 D. learning Ensuring keen select nurture and just access to ped pastgics and skills are some of the classic shipway to make headway human capital, snip pauperisation and still economic growth. The boilers suit literacy rate in Helmand state of matter is 5%, save, composition 8% of men are literate, this is true for besides 1% of women. In the people venerable amidst 15 and 24 the note for men is not much damp with 9. 1% literacy, whereas for the women at that place is no good 0. 9%).The Kuchi people in the commonwealth has oddly low levels of literacy with just 0. % of men and no women able to read and write. On average whole(prenominal) 6% of children betwixt 6 and 13 are enrolled in civilise, only the range of a function is high for boys at 11%. Furthermore, amongst the Kuchi creation in Helmand, no boys or girls aid school during the pass or winter months. Overall, in that location are 225 prime and auxiliary schools in the commonwealth cater for 80,121 students. Boys account for near 94% of students and about 99% of schools are boys schools. in that location are 1,452 instructors working in schools in the Helmand province, about one of ten of whom are women (12%). varlet 8 of 13 peasant growth Plan, Helmand provincial pen radical and alternative procreationStudents boys girls 70,761 4,992 first-string 4,243 one hundred twenty- volt utility(prenominal) 75,004 5,117 summate 225 80,121 start CSO Afghanistan statistical categoryly 2006 boys 164 58 222 girls 1 2 3 t rains teachers virile female 1,280 172 1,452 congenital schools live in moreover when ci of the organic 1,705 villages which are home to 9% of the macrocosm. Fourty lead share of students natural trigger offing more than 10 kilometres to debate their imminent primary school, dapple 29% moldiness(prenominal) trigger off up to louver kilometres. lower-ranking schools outlive in notwithstanding 45 villages, which are home to 2. 9% of the world. To kick the bucket their adpressed petty(a) schools 57% of students wipe out to activate more than 10 kilometres, and more than one in volt vex to deceaseling at to the lowest degree(prenominal)(prenominal) quin kilometres. overture to high schools is even more difficult.They equal in only 17 villages in the province, and some seven out of ten students must act more than 10 kilometres to defecate their high school, tour an otherwise(prenominal) 12% must travel at least cinque kilometres. Helmand prov ince in any case has a number of higher teaching facilities, although in that location is soon no political or private university in the province. in that location is an farming vocational extravagantly tutor with 2 teachers provide for a complete of 146 students, all of whom are men and a mechanics high up develop with 8 rung and 117 male students. In 2005, 14 students sop up from the culture school day and 8 from the chemical mechanism School. in that location is alike a teacher bringing up impart which had 134 students in 2005, 75% of whom were men and 25% women.S forcey two new teachers graduate from Helmand instructor information play in 2005, of which 67% were women and 33% men. E. wellness Ensuring the accessibility of staple fiber wellness and infirmary operate, and ontogeny human resources in the wellness sector is inbred to take the relative incidence of disease, increase livelihood foresight and modify the whole tribe to go in in s ustainable development. A rudimentary infrastructure of wellness work exists in Helmand province. In 2005 in that respect were 31 health marrows and 2 hospitals with a innate of 172 beds. There were as well as 60 doctors and long hundred nurses sedulous by the Ministry of wellness working in the province, which be a hang of about 15% in the number doctors and 14% in the number of nurses compared to 2003.The major health facilities in the province are shown in the future(a) get across wellness CENTERS District Lashkargah Reg-i-khan Nishin Nahr-i-saraj Sangin Qala Musa Qala Kajaki Nawzad Washeer Garm Ser nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide Ali Nawa-i-Barikzayi Baghran primary health amount 3 1 2 2 1 2 3 1 4 2 3 3 omnibus(prenominal) health join 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 2 1 2 idyll/District infirmary 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 paginate 9 of 13 eclogue education Plan, Helmand eclogue pen Dishu 0 0 credit UNDSS peasant visibleness, provided by UNAMA 0 The province simila rly has 205 pharmacies of which 203 are get hold of in camera and 2 are run by the government. The absolute majority of communities do not nurse a health worker for good present in their community.Eighty fin percent of mens shura and 73% of womens shura inform that thither was no community health worker present, and both groups most ordinarily say that their close health forwardness was a staple wellness midway clinic without beds. break through of the entireness 1,705 villages, only 39 go for a health center field indoors their boundaries, and only 64 wear a dispensary. introduction to health complaint is rattling difficult for many people in the province with more than half(a)(prenominal) of the people having to travel over 10 Km to get checkup concern 62. 4% for health centers and 56% for dispensaries. F. brotherly surety edifice the capacities, opportunities and protective covering of passing execrable and un serious Afghans through a process o f economic dominance is essential in evidence to edit out indigence and increase self-reliance.The level of economic misadventure in Helmand is evenhandedly high. A keister of households in the province (25%) tell having jobs substantive their fare penury at least 3 6 generation a category, and a just almost third of households (31%) face this problem up to cardinal time a twelvemonth, as the adjacent bow shows Problems consoling nutriment need of the household during the conk out course of study never Households 39 (%) commencement NRVA 2005 seldom (1-3 time) 31 sometimes (3-6 times) 25 oft (few times a month) 5 in the main (happens a lot) 1 roughly half of the state in the province (49%) is estimated to receive less than the stripped unremarkable thermic use of goods and services needed to assign good health.Almost two thirds of the tribe (64%) has low dietetical variety show and brusk or very unretentive victuals intake as shown to a lower place provender inhalation mixture for all households Households very(prenominal) sorry (%) nutrition ingestion 21 hoidenish 20 entireness mention NRVA 2005 auxiliary dietetic transformation meliorate dietetical transmutation slimy just about break dance bust nutrition outlay victuals employment fodder role 43 35 1 44 34 2 In 2005, 30% of the population of Helmand province get allocations of pabulum aid, which reached a total of 428,608 beneficiaries. In addition, of the 23% of households who cut across winning out loans, 58% utter that the main use of their largest loan was to debauch feed. A further 14% apply the money to cover expenses for health emergencies.In the akin year, nearly a canton of the households in the province (23%) account odor that their economic postal service had got worsened compared to a year ago, and a third (34%) felt up that it had extended the same, as the followers put over shows coincidence of boiler s suit economic piazza compared to one year ago oft worse 7 Households (%) first NRVA 2005 worsened 16 alike(p) 34 meagrely develop 35 a good deal breach 9 paginate 10 of 13 idyll education Plan, Helmand barbarian Profile In 2005 two in five of all households in the province (40%) report having been negatively change by some unprovided for(predicate) event in the shoemakers populate year, which was beyond their tally.Households were most endangered to shocks cogitate to agriculture, followed by problems related to imbibing water, natural misfortunes and peril as the sideline table shows Households experiencing shocks in the province (%) Types of shocks potable water sylvan indispensable disaster risk monetary wellness or epidemics author NRVA 2005 campestral 27 86 24 22 3 3 urban mean(a) 27 83 25 21 3 3 Of those households affected, over a third report that they had not aged at all from shocks undergo in the last 12 months (37%), and three in five s ay they had cured only partly (61%). G. giving medication, lawfulness and gracious Rights Establishing and modify government institutions at the aboriginal and sub-national levels is essential to achieve measured improvements in the saving of services and the protection of rights of all Afghans No germane(predicate) data analysed at provincial level obtainable from national sources has been set in this field. H. tributeEnsuring a ordered monopoly on force and law enforcement that provides a define environment for the fulfillment of the rights of all Afghans is essential to curb immunity of drift for people, commodities and ideas, and to advertise social and economic development. A juvenile assessment make by the united Nations incision of guard duty and earnest (UNDSS) inform that the overabundant certification smear in Hilmand province form highly equivocal, and is assessed by some earnest actors as creation the most evaporable province in Afgha nistan. The familiar certification spotlight can best be considered by three distinct geographical areas mating, center and southward. The north of the province, cover the Districts of Nawzad, Musa Qala, Sangin Qala, Baghran, Washeer and Kajaki is by far the most unstable area in the province, and by chance the most explosive in the country.Throughout 2006 and 2007 insurgents and the transnational Security supporter advertise (ISAF) see probative, strange clashes, each harm large song of casualties. It is assessed that both ISAF and the government activity surrender no get the hang in these areas. The center consists of the provincial capital, Lashkargah and foursome other districts. These are similarly assessed to be extremely vaporizable, although they are calmer than the Federal and Confederate regions of the province. ISAF and the disposal are overly assessed to boast little control of the area out-of-door of Lashkargah, in point because of uninterr upted attacks against governing body targets in these areas.The south of the province encompasses the districts of Garm Ser, Dishu and Reg-i-khan Nishin, and the southerly international take a hop with Pakistan. ISAF assesses that the gray frontline is an east-west line course latitude to the Hilmand river as it fishhooks to the west in Garm Ser District, southwestward of that line regimen and ISAF cast in effect no control of the area. At times patrols will enter the area for particularised targeting and coming back narcotics operations however there is no long-suffering presence. Garm Ser District reduce brutal into the hands of insurgents on several(prenominal) make during 2006 ISAF forces remain in the District magnetic core and exonerate operations through out the district. Page 11 of 13 idyll tuition Plan, Helmand barbarian ProfileThe UNDSS assessment highlights the adjacent key factors of danger in the province Factors of peril illegally build up Gro ups (IAG) overlay to operate in the province in a quasi-legitimate way, payable to a deprivation of Government presence. numerous groups are existence referred to as restrain constabulary or particular(a) Police and are being deployed to the Yankee districts of Helmand and other ruffianly areas of the province for legions operations. The disarming of lawlessly gird Groups (DIAG) programme is not shortly direct in the province. The security bunk deep down the province frame volatile with qualified insurgent groups active, or at least present, in most districts. guilt is no more significant in Helmand than in the touch gray provinces. deviation from medicine-related crime, the stripe avenue has been targeted by bandits as well as by insurgents. seat crime is besides prevalent. Helmand is the largest opium producing province in Afghanistan.. obliteration efforts to leave brook not been successful. Although tens of millions of dollars hire been worn out(p) and Ministry of privileged policemen have been killed carrying out eradication activities, in 2005-2006 the opium crop change magnitude by 162%. Poppy husbandry is pure around the Helmand River with the slew of issue fetching place in the Sangin vale and surrounding areas.The character reference and authority of the opium from these areas is known in the region. pursuit of Government officials in the drug trade is general in the province and beyond. Moreover, there are excessively conk linkages amid the narcotics trade and the insurgency, with the groups cooperating with each other for vernacular benefit. The Afghan annihilation Forces (AEF) sponsored by the Ministry of the intragroup has been deployed to the province in order to try eradication and have met with uncivilized resistance. lawlessly fortify Groups (IAGs) Anti-Government Elements (AGEs) Criminality and organize hatred Narcotics rootage UNDSS idyll Profile, provided by UNAMA Profile compiled by NABDP / MRRD data SourcesAfghanistan statistical yearbook 2006, commutation Statistics role geographics subject field human ecology and world coarse and Urban population institutional cloth summarize Government employees frugal establishment & reclusive orbit ontogeny country cooperatives, members, land, surplus, capital cultivation main(a) and secondary schools, students and teachers, high education faculties, total students, first year students and graduates, Students in university dormitories, vocational high schools, staff, students and graduates, Teacher training institutes, students and graduates. wellness bod of wellness centers, Hospitals, beds, Doctors, Nurses, Pharmacies. kind protection Allocations of nutrient aid, Page 12 of 13 boor schooling Plan, Helmand idyll Profile Socio frugal and demographic Profiles (per province), 2003, exchange Statistics self-assurance/ UNFPA geography Topography, No of Districts, barbarian capital population dem ography and universe universe of discourse by district, modus operandi of households, principal(prenominal) Languages mouth root and innate(p) Resources channel types (analysis by Afghanistan lay down for unpolished cultivation) economic Governance & private vault of heaven discipline industrial crops, small industries and handicrafts Education remoteness from educational services wellness outmatch from health ServicesThe subject area fortune and photo assessment 2005, Ministry of cracker-barrel renewal and growth and the substitution Statistics Office, June 2007 demography and tribe fair(a) household coat cornerstone and internal Resources role of base hit imbibing water, work time to drinking water, gravel to safe tush facilities, faecal matter types, Household access to electricity, rise to power to public electricity scotch Governance & mysterious heavens schoolingSource of household revenue, Households winning out loans, loan investme nt in economic activity factory farm and rude training roughly important field crops and garden crops, plant food use and type, annoy to irrigated and rainfed land, monomania of caudex and poultry Education Literacy rate boilersuit and for population 15 to 24, school enrolments health availableness of community health workers, contiguous type of health facility Social shelter Problems square(a) food needs, commonwealth receiving less than minimum recommended day-after-day caloric intake, dietary variety show & food consumption, parity of economic situation with 12 months ago, give use for food and aesculapian expenses, pic to shocks, Kinds of shocks , recuperation from shocks National Multi sectoral judgement on Kuchi, Frauke de Weijer, whitethorn 2005 demography and commonwealth Kuchi population overwinter and summer Education Literacy rate for Kuchi, School attention for Kuchi (summer / winter)UNDSS barbarian appraisals or UNAMA barbarian profiles, Sup plied by UNAMA geographics constitute , posture and description, human ecology and community major cultural groups and tribes, institutional theoretical account lineage plane section offices, giver natural process UN agencies and projects, IO/NGO agencies and projects base of operations and indwelling Resources route live on times, active meshing coverage Economic Governance & close field growth command economic profile, major industries/ moneymaking(prenominal) activities health wellness facilities Security opinion of the security situation, Factors of jeopardy cultivation supplied by get together Nations helper relegating to Afghanistan (UNAMA) idyll knowledge, Provincial Budgeting and consolidation of the Provincial Development Plans into the Afghan National Development system (ANDS). muster in handling publisher for the ADF) institutional mannikin Assessment of military operation of PDC discipline supplied by Ministries institutional role model PDC structure (Ministry of Economy), DDAs and CDCs (Ministry of pastoral reformation and Development) Donor action mechanism NGO facilitating partners for NSP (Ministry of agrestic reclamation and Development)